An American Marriage
by Tayari Jones
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Love and Marriage in Crisis Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Love and Marriage in Crisis Theme Icon
Parenthood as a Choice Theme Icon
Appearances vs. Reality Theme Icon
The Effects of Incarceration Theme Icon
Race and Class Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in An American Marriage, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Love and Marriage in Crisis Theme Icon
Love and Marriage in Crisis Theme Icon

Tayari Jones’ 2018 novel An American Marriage expands upon one of the most common topics of modern literature: love and marriage. While many stories of marriage focus on some of the more typical challenges faced by couples—such as infidelity, competition, or class differences between partners—Jones’ book centers on the repercussions of a world-shattering injustice on Roy and Celestial, a black couple living in Atlanta, Georgia: after having been married for just 18 months, Roy is wrongly convicted of a crime and sentenced to 12 years in prison. Told in intimate detail from the perspectives of both parties, An American Marriage reveals the ways in which this event exacerbates many pre-existing issues between Roy and Celestial. Despite the specificity of its tragedy, the novel makes the broader point that otherwise normal issues can quickly bring a marriage to its breaking point in times of crisis.

Roy and Celestial’s relationship is already showing common signs of distress at the time of the former’s conviction, but none of these issues on its own has been enough to divide the two. For example, before his incarceration, Roy accepts other women’s phone numbers when he goes out with friends—a fact that bothers Celestial and makes her suspicious of her husband’s commitment to her. Nevertheless, the two move past the issues created by such mistrust and to maintain a strong connection for some time, revealing the ability of their marriage to overcome suspicions of infidelity.

The two face professional tensions as well, in part because of their vastly different economic backgrounds: ambitious, small-town Roy defines himself as being “on the come-up,” while Celestial was raised in an upper-class, cosmopolitan family. Roy’s mother Olive is loudly skeptical of Celestial because of her prim and proper ways, creating added stress for their relationship. Celestial and Roy also disagree about the right way to grow the former’s artistic career. While Celestial imagines individually handcrafting her one-of-a-kind dolls for sale as fine art, Roy, who is working to establish himself in the business world, dreams of creating a mass-manufactured luxury toy. At first, however, these issues don’t pose a significant challenge to their relationship—again underscoring the strength of this couple in the face of more or less typical marital strife. They are, in fact, in the process of establishing a business plan that is a compromise between their visions when their lives are upended by Roy’s imprisonment.

Once Roy is wrongfully convicted, all of these relatively common marital stresses in combination quickly bring the relationship to its breaking point. Though at first both parties express their sincere desire to remain together, this initial commitment proves naïve, as what were once seen as minor disagreements make the marriage seem utterly untenable. Roy resents Celestial’s seeming lack of loyalty, believing she should visit at least as often as the wives of those prisoners who, unlike Roy, are actually guilty of their crimes. Celestial, for her part, feels herself unjustly pitied and looked down upon by the outside world for remaining true to her incarcerated husband. The fact that they are denied physical contact and forced to communicate primarily through letters further allows both members of the couple to develop a one-sided idea of the relationship.

Perhaps the greatest factor in the disintegration of Roy and Celestial’s marriage, however, is its youth. As Celestial points out, she and Roy were hardly more than newlyweds when he was taken away; “I danced the line between wife and bride,” she says, adding that “marriage is like grafting a limb onto a tree trunk”—that is, it takes time for two people to bond as one. Their young marriage proves far more vulnerable to stressors—a limb far more easily snapped—than a marriage tested by time. Indeed, Celestial’s faith in her commitment to Roy is irreparably broken at Olive’s funeral, when she sees Big Roy, Roy’s adoptive father, display sincere devotion to his wife even after she has died. This pushes Celestial to realize the weaknesses of her own marriage, as she does not share this sense of commitment to Roy.

As a result, Celestial seeks comfort in a romantic relationship with her long-time friend Andre, who provides her the support and stability that Roy cannot. Not incidentally, she and Andre spent much of their youth sitting beneath Old Hickey, an ancient, sturdy hickory tree situated between their houses that acts as a physical representation of the deep roots of their relationship—and, it follows, the strength of their bond. Roy, meanwhile, finds much-needed comfort in the arms of his former high school classmate Davina. The fact that both Roy and Celestial ultimately end up with partners they have known nearly their entire lives suggests that, above all, even stronger than love is time. Celestial and Roy were denied the time necessary to graft their lives together, and, as such, their vows crumble beneath the weight of their separation. A longstanding, deeply-rooted partnership, on the other hand, can create bonds that no crisis can destroy.

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Love and Marriage in Crisis Quotes in An American Marriage

Below you will find the important quotes in An American Marriage related to the theme of Love and Marriage in Crisis.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Quotes

Memory is a queer creature, an eccentric curator. I still look back on that night, although not as often as I once did. How long can you live with your face twisted over your shoulder? No matter what people may say, this was not a failure to remember. I’m not sure it is a failure at all.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 28
Explanation and Analysis:
In this moment, which begins the first chapter told from Celestial’s perspective, Celestial thinks about all that has happened between her and Roy—both on the night that he is wrongfully accused and well before it—and wonders why her memory chooses to fixate on certain moments. She qualifies her admission that she no longer dwells on the night of Roy’s arrest by questioning the value of living in the past. Her question regarding how long a person can live with their head looking over their shoulder resonates with her ultimate decisions to move forward with her own life while Roy’s is Dolorem et quae. Ex

Did we love so forcefully that night because we knew or because we didn’t? Was there an alarm from the future, a furious bell without its clapper? Did this hopeless bell manage to generate a breeze, causing me to reach to the floor to find my slip and use it to cover myself? Did some subtle warning cause Roy to turn and pin me to his side with his heavy arm?

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
Celestial reflects on the final moments she had with Roy before his wrongful arrest. Though they had fought about his keeping secrets from her earlier in the night, they made especially passionate love to each another after reconciling. In hindsight, she wonders whether this passion was the result of a sort of premonition that their world was about to come crashing down—reflective of Celestial’s unease upon visiting Eloe in the first place—or because they were excited by their love and the prospect of their future together. Celestial feels that they both may have sensed a warning, and this knowledge drew Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores

But what is real? Was it our uneventful first impression? Or the day in New York, of all places, where we found each other once again? Or did things “get real” when we married, or was it the day that the prosecutor in a little nowhere town declared Roy to be a flight risk? The state declared that though he may have roots in Louisiana, his home was in Atlanta, so he was held without bond or bail. At this pronouncement, Roy spat out a caustic laugh. “So now roots are irrelevant?”

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 37
Explanation and Analysis:
Celestial reflects that the first time she met Roy in college he seemed dangerous, but when she met him again a few years later in New York, that danger had morphed into a sense of “realness.” Now, she interrogates that idea of realness and what it means to her—whether it is a marker of authenticity or an understanding of hardship. The inquiry as to roots evokes Roy’s earlier ideas of what constitutes home. It also could be interpreted as an ironic reference to the Fugitive Slave Act—pre-Civil War legislation that allowed for runaway slaves who crossed state borders to be Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non au

Sleeping by myself didn’t kill me then and will not kill me now. But this is what loss has taught me of love. Our house isn’t simply empty, our home has been emptied. Love makes a place in your life, it makes a place for itself in your bed. Invisibly, it makes a place in your body, rerouting all your blood vessels, throbbing right alongside your heart. When it’s gone, nothing is whole again.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 41
Explanation and Analysis:
Celestial writes to Roy following his imprisonment, expressing her sadness at returning home and going to bed at night without him there. She considers the difference between simply living alone and living in a home that once contained another person; the latter creates a distinct sense of absence. Roy’s love carved out space within Celestial, and the emptied house serves as a physical representation of everything she has lost. She is also right in feeling that her relationship with Roy will never be “whole again.” Even after Roy is released from prison, the house they once shared will feel strange Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores s

Am I different? It has been close to three years, so I guess I have changed. Yesterday I sat under the hickory tree in the front yard. It’s the only place where I find rest and just feel fine. I know fine isn’t a lot, but it’s rare for me these days. Even when I’m happy, there is something in between me and whatever good news comes my way. It’s like eating a butterscotch still sealed in a wrapper. The tree is untouched by whatever worries we humans fret over. I think about how it was here before I was born and it will be here after we’re all gone. Maybe this should make me sad, but it doesn’t.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Related Symbols: Old Hickey
Page Number and Citation: 80
Explanation and Analysis:
After Celestial visits Roy in prison for the first time in a while, he tells her there’s something different about her and implies that she might be seeing someone else. Celestial defends herself by saying that she has of course changed because it has been three years. She feels peaceful sitting under Old Hickey because it serves as a symbol of all that is constant in her life at a time when she is being confronted with so much upheaval. She also talks about the dulled way she lives her life with the awareness of Roy’s absence, which seems to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non.

Dear Celestial,

I am innocent.

Dear Roy,

I am innocent, too.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr. (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 84
Explanation and Analysis:
At this point in the novel, Celestial has already written Roy to tell him that she can no longer be his wife. Roy believes that because he is innocent of any crime, Celestial should remain faithful to and support him; he did nothing to deserve the situation he has been put in. But though Roy does not deserve his punishment, neither does Celestial. She is also suffering the effects of Roy’s incarceration, and wants her husband to understand that her life needs to continue even without him. This moment underscores the far-reaching effects of incarceration, which shapes the lives even Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem n

Part 2, Chapter 1 Quotes

Grandmamma would tell Evie to hush and remind her that getting left by a man was not the worst thing that ever happened to somebody. And Evie would say, “It’s the worst thing that ever happened to me.” She said it so much that she came down with lupus. “God wanted me to see what misery really was,” Evie said. I didn’t like all this God talk, like He was up there toying with us. I preferred more of the tenderness and acceptance my grandmother promised in her hymns. I told this to Evie when I was a little boy and she said, “You got to work with the god you were given.”

You also have to work with the love you are given, with all of the complications clanging behind it like tin cans tied to a bridal sedan.

Related Characters: Andre (speaker), Celestial Davenport, Evie , Carlos , Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 102-103
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote is part of the first chapter in the novel told from Andre’s point of view. Andre reflects on the advice his mother and grandmother gave him as a child, and how apt it is for his situation with Celestial. He thinks about how his father left his mother for another woman, and how Celestial is doing something similar to Roy through her relationship with Andre. His desire to side with his grandmother’s conception of loving god over Evie’s reflects his hope that Roy will forgive him. At the same time, he compares his mother’s belief in accepting god Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaec

Part 2, Chapter 2 Quotes

“I’m ready. But I can’t lie. Sometimes I feel guilty as hell for just being able to live my life.”

I didn’t have to tell him that I understood, because he knew that I did. There should be a word for this, the way it feels to steal something that’s already yours.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Andre (speaker), Franklin Davenport, Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 115
Explanation and Analysis:
Celestial and Andre have this conversation at Celestial’s parent’s house on Thanksgiving Day, after noting that Franklin is wearing a t-shirt designed by Roy. Despite having learned that Roy will be released from prison earlier than expected, Celestial has accepted Andre’s proposal for marriage. Upon seeing Franklin’s shirt, however, Andre is made to feel fresh guilt for their relationship. Both he and Celestial understand the weight of simply going about their lives when someone they know and love is suffering. They feel somewhat ashamed of their happiness because those around them—including Celestial’s father—suggest that they don’t deserve it while Roy Dolorem et q

Part 2, Chapter 4 Quotes

When I was twenty-four, living in New York City, I thought maybe black love went that way, too, integrated into extinction.

Nikki Giovanni said, “Black love is Black wealth.”

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 135
Explanation and Analysis:
Celestial reflects back on her life immediately post-college, before she was reunited with Roy, and how she worried that integration was diluting—if not outright erasing—black culture. Having gone to a historically black college, she felt it important to honor her roots by trying to have a relationship with a black man. She reflects on the words of famed black poet Nikki Giovanni, whose quotation suggests that black people loving other black people, romantically or otherwise, is a rejection of white supremacy and a powerful acknowledgment of the value of a historically-marginalized community. It’s in this state of mind that Celestial Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia.

Part 2, Chapter 6 Quotes

We laughed, a real laugh, a shared laugh. This is when our life changed. We came to each other with joy on our lips. What came next may not have been legally binding; there was no clergyman or witness. But it was ours.

Related Characters: Andre (speaker), Celestial Davenport
Page Number and Citation: 159
Explanation and Analysis:
Andre tells the story of the night he and Celestial finally succumb to their romantic desires. Earlier in the day, at Olive’s funeral, Celestial bore witness to the devotion Big Roy displayed towards his deceased wife, and this caused her to realize she didn’t possess the same dedication to Roy. After drinking together following the service, Celestial invites Andre into her hotel room. At first, the moment is awkward. Andre makes an inside joke about having misheard the lyrics to a Prince song when they were young, and with that reminder of their shared past the tension breaks. They laugh, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut o

Part 2, Chapter 7 Quotes

“I know,” she said. “Nobody around here thought you did it. It was just the wrong race and the wrong time. Police are shady as hell. That’s why everybody is locked up.”

Related Characters: Davina Hardrick (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 168
Explanation and Analysis:
While reconnecting with his former high school classmate Davina over dinner, the conversation turns briefly to Roy’s incarceration. Davina immediately dismisses the possibility of Roy’s guilt, assuring him that other Eloe locals feel the same. Her comments reflect an awareness of the extent of racial prejudice; she, and most people in the rural southern town, know that black people are often disproportionately targeted by the police and face harsher sentences for their crimes. She brings a perspective to Roy’s position that Celestial, having grown up wealthy in comparatively liberal Atlanta, lacks. Davina’s immediate belief in Roy’s innocence also draws him Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligend

Part 2, Chapter 10 Quotes

Now Mr. Davenport was loyal to Roy above his own daughter. In a way, the whole black race was loyal to Roy, a man just down from the cross.

Related Characters: Andre (speaker), Franklin Davenport, Celestial Davenport, Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
While on his way to Eloe to pick up Roy and bring him to Atlanta, Andre reflects on his desire to turn to a father-figure for advice. He knows that Celestial’s father would not sympathize with his situation, however, and that many others would similarly take Roy’s side. Andre’s comments and evocation of religious imagery suggest that Roy has become a martyr-like figure, a representation of the ways in which a broken, racist justice system overly criminalizes black men and tears apart black communities. With his strong belief in social justice, even Franklin Davenport sides with his son-in-law over his Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolor

“You say you want my advice. Here’s what I have. Tell the truth. Don’t try to cushion the blow. If you’re bad enough to do it, you’re bad enough to tell it. You can ask you mama. She’ll tell you she was so unhappy because I didn’t drop lies into her morning coffee. The whole time she knew exactly who she was married to.”

Related Characters: Carlos (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr., Andre, Evie
Page Number and Citation: 197
Explanation and Analysis:
Andre goes to visit his estranged father to ask for advice on how to tell Roy about his relationship with Celestial. Though Andre and Carlos are not particularly close, his father has told him he can stop by any time, and Andre takes him up on the offer. Carlos, who cheated on Andre’s mother Evie, insists that honesty is the best policy. Even if Evie didn’t like Carlos’s actions, he says, deep down she at least appreciated that he never hid the truth from her. Andre will take his father’s words to heart and accept much of the anger Roy Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet d

Part 2, Chapter 12 Quotes

“Is it love, or is it convenience?” Gloria asked me that Thanksgiving Day after my father had stormed upstairs and Andre went to gather our coats. She explained that convenience, habit, comfort, obligation—these are all things that wear the same clothing as love sometimes. Did I think this thing with Andre was maybe too easy? He is literally the boy next door.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Andre, Gloria Davenport
Page Number and Citation: 208
Explanation and Analysis:
After Celestial and Andre tell her parents that they’re engaged, Gloria, worried about her daughter’s happiness, checks in with Celestial privately about the decision she’s made to leave Roy for Andre. While Celestial understands that it might appear her relationship with Andre is one of convenience—she has been lonely without Roy, and Andre has been a ready and willing source of comfort—she knows that convenience is only one piece of the puzzle making up adult romance. Gloria’s question briefly rattles Celestial, however causing her to wonder if she is taking the easy way out by being with Andre—despite the fact Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad

Part 3, Chapter 5 Quotes

The son that Celestial and I didn’t have would have been four or five, I think. If a kindergartener slept in the backroom, there is no way Celestial would be talking about how she’s with Andre now. I would say, “A boy need his father.” This is a scientific fact. There wouldn’t be anything else to talk about.

But as things were, there was a lot to talk about, more words than could fit into my mouth.

Related Characters: Roy Hamilton Jr. (speaker), Andre, Celestial Davenport
Page Number and Citation: 244
Explanation and Analysis:
When Tamar, Celestial’s employee, stops by with her baby, Roy considers how their situation might be different if Celestial had chosen to have the child they’d conceived before he was sent to prison. He believes that a child would have prevented Celestial from starting things with Andre and that his argument about a child needing his father would end any talk of Celestial leaving Roy. He does not acknowledge the fact that having a child did little to keep his own biological parents, nor Andre’s parents, together. He will also acknowledge in the novel’s epilogue that a child should not Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dol

Part 3, Chapter 6 Quotes

“I accidentally killed a man,” he told me. “I’ve been through a lot, Celestial. Even if you go in innocent, you don’t come out that way. So, please?”

Related Characters: Roy Hamilton Jr. (speaker), Celestial Davenport (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 248
Explanation and Analysis:
Celestial and Roy come close to sleeping together after he shows up at her house unannounced, but she stops things by asking if he has a condom. The question rattles Roy, who views it as a sign of Celestial’s lack of trust and dedication. Upset and angry, Roy tells Celestial that he traded a man a plastic garbage bag in prison without realizing what the bag would be used for. When he found out the man had hanged himself with it, Roy couldn’t believe how foolish he had been. Roy tells Celestial all of this to make her understand the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita d

Part 3, Chapter 9 Quotes

All I wanted to take with me was my tooth. For years, I stored it in a velvet box, like what a ring comes in. I couldn’t tell her because she would think that I was being sentimental, that I was turning the memory of our first date over in my mouth like a mint. She wouldn’t understand that I couldn’t leave without the rest of my body.

Related Characters: Roy Hamilton Jr. (speaker), Celestial Davenport
Related Symbols: Roy’s Tooth
Page Number and Citation: 261
Explanation and Analysis:
When Roy begins to accept that his relationship with Celestial can’t be salvaged, he goes through all of his belongings that Celestial has boxed up and placed in her garage. He wants only one thing: the tooth he lost defending Celestial from a thief on the night their romance began. It is fitting that the tooth has been stored in a box typically used for a ring, because it is a symbol of their bond and the sacrifices they have made for each other. In taking it back, Roy is reclaiming the part of himself he gave to Celestial—attempting to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Evenie

Part 3, Chapter 10 Quotes

Have you ever stared fury in its eyes? There is no saving yourself from a man in its throes. Roy’s face was haunted and wild. The cords of his neck muscles were like cables; his lips made a hard gash. The unceasing blows were fueled by a need to hurt me that was greater than his own need for oxygen or even freedom. His need to hurt me was greater even than my own desire to survive. My efforts to protect myself where ritualistic, mannered, and symbolic, while his fists, feet, and needs were operating from a brutal code.

Related Characters: Andre (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr.
Page Number and Citation: 277
Explanation and Analysis:
Andre recounts the fight he has with Roy upon meeting him outside Celestial’s house for the first time since Roy’s imprisonment. Even while being beaten up, Andre tries to understand Roy’s perspective. He recalls what his father told him about accepting whatever punishment Roy doles out and doesn’t fight back as hard as he could. He is still fearful, however, recognizing that Roy gained quite a bit of physical prowess while in prison. Roy’s pain causes him to act with a brute strength, fighting for his life, while Andre is able to maintain a sense of distance. Andre has not Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt.

But I was sorry. Not for what was between Celestial and me, I would never regret that. I was sorry for a lot of things. I was sorry for Evie, suffering from lupus for so many years. I was sorry for elephants killed for their ivory. I was sorry for Carlos, who traded one family for another. I was sorry for everyone in the world because we all had to die and nobody knew what happened after that. I was sorry for Celestial, who was probably watching from the window. Most of all, I was sorry for Roy. The last time I saw him on that morning before his mother’s wake, he said, “I never had a chance, did I? I only thought I did.”

Related Characters: Andre (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr., Evie , Celestial Davenport, Carlos
Page Number and Citation: 278
Explanation and Analysis:
At the end of their physical fight, Roy asks Andre to apologize for stealing Celestial from him. Andre refuses, because to do so would be to deny the validity of his love for Celestial. At the same time, he understands Roy’s pain and laments the injustices he has had to suffer. Roy, like many people, does not deserve what has happened to him. Roy’s words about never having had a chance could refer to the fact that he never had a chance at keeping Celestial when Andre was always so close to her. He could also be referencing the precariousness Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolor

Part 3, Chapter 11 Quotes

But he only turned toward Old Hickey. “It’s too much.” Then quickly—it must have been quickly—but I somehow took notice of each move, Roy tucked his lips against his teeth, gripped the tree like a brother, and then tipped his head back, presenting his face to the sky before driving his forehead against the ancient bark. The sound was muted, like the wet crack of an egg against the kitchen floor. He did it again, harder this time.

Related Characters: Celestial Davenport (speaker), Roy Hamilton Jr., Andre
Related Symbols: Old Hickey
Page Number and Citation: 282
Explanation and Analysis:
After fighting Andre and realizing that Celestial is unlikely to change her mind about their marriage, Roy is overcome with grief and anger at all that he has lost. In his desperation he attempts to injure himself by smashing his head against the tree that stands in Celestial’s yard—a symbol of both the bond between Celestial and Andre and, having stood since the Reconstruction Era, a witness to the deep roots of the prejudice that ultimately contributed to Roy’s imprisonment. The tree is stronger than Roy, however, suggesting his futility in the face of either reality that the tree represents.