Behind the Beautiful Forevers
by Katherine Boo
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Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Society, Competition, and Social Division Theme Icon
Opportunity, Corruption, and Inequality Theme Icon
The Local vs. The Global Theme Icon
Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure Theme Icon
Life and Death Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Behind the Beautiful Forevers, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure Theme Icon
Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure Theme Icon

In a slum made of temporary materials, everyone living in Annawadi strives to make themselves important enough not to be erased. In a way, by recording their lives in this book, Katherine Boo helps to make these lives visible and inerasable to those who might ignore them, such as the Indian government and the entire developed world, both of which tend to prefer not to look directly at poverty.

Boo spent three years living in the Annawadi slum, meticulously observing the people who live there and learning how they survive in the face of multiple threats of displacement and erasure. The slum itself is not even supposed to exist, as Annawadi is technically squatting on land that belongs to the airport conglomerate. This conglomerate has the right—and the intention—to bulldoze the neighborhood at any time with no care for the thousands of people who live there, so the residents live in constant fear that the lives they have fought to build might be destroyed in an instant. The legal system also erases entire lives with regularity. For example, slum residents who have been murdered, such as Kalu, are recorded as dying from sickness so that law enforcement does not have an obligation to investigate their deaths.

In the midst of all this erasure, Boo works to preserve the legacy of the Annawadians. She resists either infantilizing or glorifying the poor, and she refuses to see the Annawadians only as victims. Instead, Boo shows what the Annawadians are doing for themselves to make their lives safe, dignified, and permanent. For example, she shows the Husain family renovating their home to make it more hospitable and structurally stable, a gesture of defiance in the context of the slum. She also shows Manju working hard to educate slum children so that they might have opportunities that would otherwise be denied to them. Both of these acts invest labor and care into a slum that is at constant risk of disappearing, and such acts can be seen as a vote of confidence in the slum and a way to resist its erasure. Even cynical acts, such as Asha’s misuse of government funds intended to help the poor, demonstrate that Annawadians are using the resources available to them in order to stabilize and better their lives. Boo also specifically erases herself from the book so that the Annawadians’ efforts to solve their problems and improve their lives are the only thing that matters. The issues facing those living in Annawadi are huge, and Boo does nothing to suggest how those problems might be fixed. She simply tells readers about the things that the Annawadians live through and the ways that they themselves are trying to make their lives into something that cannot be taken away from them.

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Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure appears in each chapter of Behind the Beautiful Forevers. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure Quotes in Behind the Beautiful Forevers

Below you will find the important quotes in Behind the Beautiful Forevers related to the theme of Permanence, Legacy, and Erasure.

Chapter 1 Quotes

True, only six of the slum's three thousand residents had permanent jobs. (The rest, like 85 percent of Indian workers, were part of the informal, unorganized economy.) True, a few residents trapped rats and frogs and fried them for dinner. A few ate the scrub grass at the sewage lake's edge. And these individuals, miserable souls, thereby made an inestimable contribution to their neighbors. They gave those slumdwellers who didn't fry rats and eat weeds, like Abdul, a felt sense of their upward mobility.

Related Characters: Abdul Husain
Page Number and Citation: 6
Explanation and Analysis:
Abdul, the slumdweller on whom Boo focuses, is a trash sorter that has been more successful than the majority of Annawadians – a fact which makes him ignore the often awful conditions of his life. Though Abdul must spend long days hunched over trash, often cutting his hands to separate the different materials into pure piles that the recycling center will accept, he sees his job as a step up from the people who must walk around collecting the trash. This “victory” gives Abdul a feeling of superiority over the Annawadians who are even worse off than he is. The Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia

Chapter 3 Quotes

The airport people had erected tall, gleaming aluminum fences on the side of the slum that most drivers passed before turning into the international terminal. Drivers approaching the terminal from the other direction would see only a concrete wall covered with sunshine-yellow advertisements. The ads were for Italianate floor tiles, and the corporate slogan ran the wall's length: BEAUTIFUL FOREVER BEAUTIFUL FOREVER BEAUTIFUL FOREVER. Sunil regularly walked atop the Beautiful Forever wall, surveying for trash, but Airport Road was unhelpfully clean.

Related Characters: Sunil
Related Symbols: The Beautiful Forever Wall
Page Number and Citation: 36-37
Explanation and Analysis:
Sunil searches for garbage along the wall that hides the slum of Annawadi from the eyes of the wealthy airport patrons. Boo uses the abrupt contrast between the airport and the squatters who surround it to point out the gap between rich and poor in India. Sunil may try to span this gap, but the lack of trash on the Airport grounds is a sign that the rich on one side of the wall are leaving nothing behind to help the poor reach across this wall. The ads on the wall also speak to the idea that the poor are Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Molliti

And while some international businessmen descending into the Mumbai airport eyed the vista of slums with disgust, and others regarded it with pity, few took the sight as evidence of a high-functioning, well-managed city.
Annawadians understood that their settlement was widely perceived as a blight, and that their homes, like their work, were provisional. Still they clung to this half-acre…

Page Number and Citation: 42
Explanation and Analysis:
Annawadi, sprawling on the ground of the international airport, is a sign of the Old India that the new rich elite of the country would like the rest of the world not to see. Though the Indian economy is growing and conditions in Mumbai are improving, the issue of slum neighborhoods is still a huge problem stopping the healthy urban development of the city. The slum is a reminder that not everyone is benefitting from Indian businesses new involvement with international businessmen. Though the Annawadians know that their own city hates their neighborhood and their presence in the city, they Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Comm

Chapter 6 Quotes

The four-foot gray slab was uneven, as was the floor, so the shelf wobbled perilously on two supports he'd built to hold it up. Nothing in this idiot house was straight. The only way to stabilize the shelf, and make it level, would be to cut into the brick wall, itself uneven, and cement the slab in place…
Abdul was dismayed. The readiness of the bricks to disintegrate, long suspected, was now confirmed. They'd been made with too much sand, and the mortar between them had deteriorated. Crap bricks that weren't even glued to one another-less a wall than a tremulous stack.

Related Characters: Abdul Husain
Related Symbols: Abdul’s Brick Wall
Page Number and Citation: 87-88
Explanation and Analysis:
When Abdul tries to improve the Husain family kitchen for his mother, he has to confront how poorly their hut has been constructed. Boo shows both the practical and the metaphorical consequences of this original poor craftsmanship. In the literal sense, the crooked foundation of the house means that any future work will also be of bad quality. Despite the pressure to show the rest of the slum that they are doing well, the Husains never have enough money to fully fix all the issues, or even properly do new work. The “crap bricks” are a sign that the Husains Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore

Chapter 11 Quotes

"All murders we detect, 100 percent success," was how Senior Inspector Patil, who ran the Sahar station, liked to put it. But perhaps there was a trick to this success rate: not detecting the murders of inconsequential people.
Succumbed to an "irrecoverable illness" was the swift conclusion of Maruti Jadhav, the inspector in charge of Kalu's case. At the morgue of Cooper Hospital, the nature of the "irrecoverable illness" was decided. Fifteen-year-old Deepak Rai, known as Kalu, had died of his tuberculosis - the same cause of death tagged to the bleeding scavenger who had slowly expired on the road.

Related Characters: Kalu
Page Number and Citation: 168
Explanation and Analysis:
Kalu, one of the boys who makes his living as a thief in Annawadi, is clearly murdered but the officials who pick up his body record the death as tuberculosis. This practice happens often in Annawadi, as it is deemed too much trouble to figure out how poor nobodies like Kalu have died. The lives of the Annawadians don’t matter to the people in power of Mumbai. It is easier to pretend that they do not exist at all, in order to avoid having a poor reputation. Furthermore, Mumbai does not want to project an image of crime so that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas de

Trying to make sense of the deaths of Kalu and Sanjay, Sunil and Abdul grew closer. Not quite friends-rather, an unnameable, not-entirely-willing category of relationship in which two boys felt themselves bound to two boys who were dead. Sunil and Abdul sat together more often than before, but when they spoke, it was with the curious formality of people who shared the understanding that much of what was said did not matter, and that much of what mattered could not be said.

Related Characters: Abdul Husain, Kalu, Sanjay, Sunil
Page Number and Citation: 172
Explanation and Analysis:
In the wake of Kalu’s murder and Sanjay’s suicide, Abdul and Sunil become one of the few instances of friendship in Annawadi. Though they are not necessarily close, these two boys have seen far too much pain together to not be close in some ways. The deaths of Kalu and Sanjay are not often spoken of in Annawadi, too dark for the slum residents who would rather focus on their hope for their own futures. Seeing this, it is easy for Abdul and Sunil to believe that their deaths would not matter either. Given how Kalu and Sanjay were erased, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio

Chapter 12 Quotes

…she kept thinking she saw smoke coming out of Meena's mouth and nose-as if the girl had set herself on fire from the inside. No, that was impossible. Rat poison only. Her mind was looping. If she screamed for help, the whole slum would know that Meena had attempted suicide, which would ruin her reputation.

Related Characters: Meena, Manju Waghekar
Page Number and Citation: 187
Explanation and Analysis:
When Manju finds out that Meena has eaten rat poison, she desperately searches for a way to help her friend that will not broadcast how unhappy her friend is with her life. Meena and Manju, two teenage girls in Annawadi, share everything because they have very few outlets for their emotional pain. Meena especially is tightly controlled and restrained by her family so that her reputation will be perfect for her arranged marriage. With no other way to assert her independence an agency, Meena is forced to literally take her life into her own hands. It is not a disregard Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro pe

Chapter 14 Quotes

Impatient at the translation delays, the judge began telling the stenographer what to write. And so a slumdweller's nuanced replies to the prosecutor's questions became monosyllabic ones - the better to keep the case moving along.

Page Number and Citation: 205
Explanation and Analysis:
During the Husain’s case, the judge ignores due process of the courts and the rights of the Annawadians to make their testimonies in favor of keeping the trial short. Though subjective judgement is always present in any legal case, it is clear in the Husain’s struggle to be exonerated from a crime they didn’t commit that the personal feelings, failings, and interpretation of the judge will be far more important than any evidence the Husains can provide that they did not beat or burn Fatima. This blatant display of corruption is another way that the legal and governmental systems in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Si