Number the Stars
by Lois Lowry
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Themes and Colors
Privilege, Sacrifice, and Solidarity  Theme Icon
Bravery Theme Icon
Reality vs. Fantasy Theme Icon
Sisterhood Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Number the Stars, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Sisterhood Theme Icon
Sisterhood Theme Icon

Annemarie Johansen and her best friend Ellen Rosen are thick as thieves, and have been all throughout their childhoods. Their mothers, too, are close friends who get together every day for an afternoon coffee—and keep up with the tradition even when the closest thing to coffee left in Copenhagen is hot water steeped with herbs. Even though Annemarie has a younger sister, Kirsti, she still feels a void in her life when it comes to sisters, having recently lost her older sister, Lise, in a fatal hit-and-run. Complicated notions of sisterhood are rife throughout the pages of Number the Stars, and as the novel progresses, Lois Lowry uses the relationship forged between Annemarie and Ellen to show that sometimes sisters are bound together by more than blood—shared experience, mutual devotion, and respect for the other’s individuality are what sisterhood is made of.

When the Johansens take Ellen into their home, they tell her and Annemarie that if any soldiers come, they will need to pretend to be sisters. Annemarie’s Papa insists it will be “easy” for them to pretend, as they’re together so much already. As Annemarie and Ellen, who have been the best of friends for years, perform the relationship of sisters in order to shelter Ellen from being captured by Nazis, the pretense becomes real—by the end of the novel, Annemarie and Ellen really do see themselves as sisters, bound together by the love, solidarity, and support they have shown one another. At the same time, Annemarie must contend with her feelings of obligation towards and contempt for her younger sister Kirsti, and the pain of having lost her older sister Lise.

At the start of the novel, Annemarie does indeed treat her friend Ellen as something of a sister. They are together nearly all the time, and they play and study together every day. Annemarie even attends Ellen’s family’s religious ceremonies on the Sabbath each Friday. Their lives are deeply intertwined. Unable to forge a real relationship with her five-year-old sister Kirsti, but desperate for a sense of sisterhood in the wake of having recently lost Lise in a mysterious accident, Annemarie longs for a sisterly relationship, and finds it in her friendship with Ellen.

After the Nazis begin arresting the Jews of Copenhagen, the Johansens take Ellen in and decide to hide her while her parents seek shelter with the Resistance. Ellen is frightened to be separated from her family, but Annemarie’s Mama and Papa assure Ellen that they are “proud” to call her their daughter—even if it’s just pretend. When Nazis storm into the Johansens’ apartment, however, the ruse is put to the test—Annemarie swears to the soldiers’ faces that Ellen is her sister, and Mama and Papa swear the same. Realizing the city is not safe for Ellen, Annemarie, Kirsti, and Mrs. Johansen take her to the countryside, where on the train Nazis again question the relationship between Ellen and the rest of the family. As Annemarie is made to declare over and over that she and Ellen are sisters, the pretense becomes more of a truth. The frightening and life-threatening experiences they share bond them close together in a profound way, and by the time Ellen is taken from Uncle Henrik’s countryside house to be smuggled to Sweden alongside her parents, she is devastated to leave Annemarie’s company.

At the end of the novel, after the Nazis have been expunged from Denmark and the Allies have won the war, Annemarie asks her Papa to repair Ellen’s broken Star of David necklace, so that it will be ready for her to wear when she returns. Annemarie decides that in the meantime, she will wear the necklace. This moment is symbolic of Annemarie’s strong feelings not just of solidarity but of sisterhood—she knows that there is no difference between her and Ellen, and that they are bound together forever by the experiences they’ve shared and the sisterly devotion they feel for one another.

The act of pretending to be “real” sisters, sisters by blood, actually serves to show Ellen and Annemarie the ways in which they have effectively been sisters all along. Though not related to one another, Ellen and Annemarie provide one another with the love, support, empathy, and comfort that sisterly relationships often yield. When Annemarie, towards the novel’s end, reveals that she has hidden Ellen’s Star of David necklace for years inside the folds of Lise’s yellowing, never-worn wedding dress, Lois symbolically acknowledges that sisters can be found outside of one’s blood family. Though Lise’s loss can never be replaced, in her absence Annemarie has found yet another sister—one whose beauty, bravery, and kindness she admires just as much as she did Lise’s.

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Sisterhood Quotes in Number the Stars

Below you will find the important quotes in Number the Stars related to the theme of Sisterhood.

Chapter 2 Quotes

Redheaded Peter, her sister’s fiancé, had not married anyone in the years since Lise’s death. He had changed a great deal. Once he had been like a fun-loving older brother to Annemarie and Kirsti, teasing and tickling, always a source of foolishness and pranks. Now he still stopped by the apartment often, and his greetings to the girls were warm and smiling, but he was usually in a hurry, talking quickly to Mama and Papa about things Annemarie didn’t understand. He no longer sang the nonsense songs that had once made Annemarie and Kirsti shriek with laughter. And he never lingered anymore.

Papa had changed, too. He seemed much older and very tired, defeated.

The whole world had changed. Only the fairy tales remained the same.

“And they lived happily ever after,” Annemarie recited, whispering into the dark, completing the tale for her sister, who slept beside her, one thumb in her mouth.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Peter Neilsen, Lise Johansen, Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Mr. Johansen/Papa, Kirsti Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage, in which Annemarie reflects on the ways in which her family has changed since the start of the Nazi occupation, shows just how heavily war is weighing not just on the Johansens and their extended family, but the whole of Copenhagen and even Europe. The world is different than it was when Annemarie was very small, and the only refuge she and her sister Kirsti have from the pain of their sister’s loss, the omnipresent threat of the Nazis stationed at every street corner, and the crushing anxiety of rationed food, heat, and electricity are the stories they Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut.

Chapter 4 Quotes

Alone in the apartment while Mama was out shopping with Kirsti, Annemarie and Ellen were sprawled on the living room floor playing with paper dolls. They had cut the dolls from Mama’s magazines, old ones she had saved from past years. The paper ladies had old-fashioned hair styles and clothes, and the girls had given them names from Mama’s very favorite book. Mama had told Annemarie and Ellen the entire story of Gone With the Wind, and the girls thought it much more interesting and romantic than the king-and-queen tales that Kirsti loved.

“Come, Melanie,” Annemarie said, walking her doll across the edge of the rug. “Let’s dress for the ball.”

“All right, Scarlett, I’m coming,” Ellen replied in a sophisticated voice. She was a talented performer; she often played the leading roles in school dramatics. Games of the imagination were always fun when Ellen played.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Kirsti Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 27
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Ellen and Annemarie enjoy a simple game of paper dolls. As they play, Annemarie reflects on Ellen’s talent as an actress. This passage foreshadows the great “role” Ellen will soon have to play. Soon, Ellen will be required to forfeit her identity and inhabit the role of Annemarie’s sister. Though neither girl knows this now, Annemarie’s envy of and respect for Ellen’s talents as a performer precipitate a time when both girls will have to put the skills they’ve developed in play to use in earnest. The girls’ innocence is being slowly stripped away by the encroachment Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi.

Annemarie grinned and walked her Scarlett toward the chair that Ellen had designated as Tivoli. She loved Tivoli Gardens, in the heart of Copenhagen; her parents had taken her there, often, when she was a little girl. She remembered the music and the brightly colored lights, the carousel and ice cream and especially the magnificent fireworks in the evenings: the huge colored splashes and bursts of lights in the evening sky.

“I remember the fireworks best of all,” she commented to Ellen.

“Me too,” Kirsti said. “I remember the fireworks.”

“Silly,” Annemarie scoffed. “You never saw the fireworks.” Tivoli Gardens was closed now. The German occupation forces had burned part of it, perhaps as a way of punishing the fun-loving Danes for their lighthearted pleasures.

Kirsti drew herself up, her small shoulders stiff. “I did too,” she said belligerently. “It was my birthday. I woke up in the night and I could hear the booms. And there were lights in the sky. Mama said it was fireworks for my birthday!”

Then Annemarie remembered. Kirsti’s birthday was late in August. And that night, only a month before, she, too, had been awakened and frightened by the sound of explosions. Kirsti was right—the sky in the southeast had been ablaze, and Mama had comforted her by calling it a birthday celebration.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Kirsti Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen, Mrs. Johansen/Mama
Page Number and Citation: 30-31
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, a conversation about fireworks reminds Annemarie and Kirsti of the same moment—perceived, however, through very different lenses. When a tragic bombing lit up the Copenhagen sky several months ago, Annemarie knew that the sights and sounds were those of war and terror. In an attempt to comfort Kirsti, Mama assured the little girl that the “fireworks” were meant just for her. This passage shows the ways in which the Johansens try to comfort and sustain one another through lies, secrets, and “stories”—stories meant to allow both Kirsti and Annemarie to feel and act bravely because of their Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaec

“You said that we would hide her. How can we do that? Where can she hide?”

Papa smiled. “That part is easy. It will be as your mama said: you two will sleep together in your bed, and you may giggle and talk and tell secrets to each other. And if anyone comes—”

Ellen interrupted him. “Who might come? Will it be soldiers? Like the ones on the corners?” Annemarie remembered how terrified Ellen had looked the day when the soldier had questioned them on the corner.

“I really don’t think anyone will. But it never hurts to be prepared. If anyone should come, even soldiers, you two will be sisters. You are together so much, it will be easy for you to pretend that you are sisters.”

[…]

Annemarie and Ellen got to their feet. Papa suddenly crossed the room and put his arms around them both. He kissed the top of each head: Annemarie’s blond one, which reached to his shoulder, and Ellen’s dark hair, the thick curls braided as always into pigtails.

“Don’t be frightened,” he said to them softly. “Once I had three daughters. Tonight I am proud to have three daughters again.”

Related Characters: Mr. Johansen/Papa (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 37-38
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, the Nazi soldiers have begun hunting down and arresting the Jews of Copenhagen after obtaining a list of names and addresses from a local synagogue. The miserable violence is occurring on one of the holiest days of the year for Jews—the Jewish New Year. Ellen’s parents have fled, hidden away by the Resistance, but the Johansens have offered to take Ellen in, pass her off as their own child, and keep her safe in spite of the personal risk to their own family. As Mama and Papa prepare the girls for the worst, there is fear and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas

Chapter 5 Quotes

“Ellen,” [Annemarie] whispered urgently, “take your necklace off!”

Ellen’s hands flew to her neck. Desperately she began trying to unhook the tiny clasp. Outside the bedroom door, the harsh voices and heavy footsteps continued.

“I can’t get it open!” Ellen said frantically. “I never take it off—I can’t even remember how to open it!”

Annemarie heard a voice just outside the door. “What is here?”

“Shhh,” her mother replied. “My daughters’ bedroom. They are sound asleep.”

“Hold still,” Annemarie commanded. “This will hurt.” She grabbed the little gold chain, yanked with all her strength, and broke it. As the door opened and light flooded into the bedroom, she crumpled it into her hand and closed her fingers tightly.

Terrified, both girls looked up at the three Nazi officers who entered the room.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama (speaker)
Related Symbols: Ellen’s Necklace
Page Number and Citation: 45
Explanation and Analysis:
When Nazi soldiers come into the Johansen apartment looking for the Rosens, who have abandoned their own flat one floor down, Annemarie knows that they will soon come knocking at the door of the bedroom she and Ellen are sharing as they pretend to be sisters. Annemarie knows that Ellen’s Star of David necklace will give her away as a Jew, and as such she urges her to take it off. The necklace, though—a symbol of Ellen’s identity—is so much a part of her that she can’t remember how to undo it. Annemarie yanks the necklace off her friend’s neck, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occ

Chapter 7 Quotes

Ellen touched her neck after she had put on Annemarie’s flower-sprigged nightgown, which Mama had packed.

“Where is my necklace?” she asked. “What did you do with it?”

“I hid it in a safe place,” Annemarie told her. “A very secret place where no one will ever find it. And I will keep it there for you until it is safe for you to wear it again.”

Ellen nodded. “Papa gave it to me when I was very small,” she explained.

She sat down on the edge of the old bed and ran her fingers along the handmade quilt that covered it. The flowers and birds, faded now, had been stitched onto the quilt by Annemarie’s great-grandmother many years before.

“I wish I knew where my parents are,” Ellen said in a small voice as she outlined one of the appliqued birds with her finger.

Annemarie didn’t have an answer for her. She patted Ellen’s hand and they sat together silently.

Related Characters: Ellen Rosen (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Mr. Rosen
Related Symbols: Ellen’s Necklace
Page Number and Citation: 64-65
Explanation and Analysis:
At Uncle Henrik’s house in the countryside, Ellen and Annemarie enjoy a pleasant day of frolicking in the meadow and looking out at the sea. When it is time for bed, though, the mood turns somber, as Ellen laments being separated both from her necklace—a symbol of her Jewish identity—and her parents. Annemarie assures Ellen that her necklace will be safe, but can make no such promise about Ellen’s parents. As the two girls begin to grasp the gravity of what is happening two and around them, they turn to one another for comfort in a show of solidarity, sisterhood, Dolorem et quae. Exer

Chapter 14 Quotes

“So little Red Riding-Hood carried the basket of food and hurried along through the woods. It was a lovely morning, and birds were singing. Little Red Riding-Hood sang, too, as she walked.”

Sometimes she changed that part of the story, telling it to Kirsti. Sometimes it was raining, or even snowing, in the woods. Sometimes it was evening, with long, frightening shadows, so that Kirsti, listening, would snuggle closer and wrap her arms around Annemarie. But now, telling it to herself, she wanted sunlight and bird song.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Kirsti Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 109
Explanation and Analysis:
As Annemarie heads through the deep, dark woods on the way to deliver an important packet to her Uncle Henrik down at the docks—just as he is about to set off on a journey to deliver a number of Danish Jews to freedom in Sweden—she is frightened by the dark and by the strange noises she hears in the forest all around her. Annemarie knows how important getting the packet to Henrik is, and is as afraid of failure as she is the unknown entities which may be hiding behind every tree. As she walks through the woods she tells Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesc

Chapter 15 Quotes

Annemarie’s mind raced. She remembered what her mother had said. “If anyone stops you, you must pretend to be nothing more than a silly little girl.”

She stared at the soldiers. She remembered how she had stared at the others, frightened, when they had stopped her on the street.

Kirsti hadn’t been frightened. Kirsti had been—well, nothing more than a silly little girl, angered because the soldier had touched her hair that after noon. She had known nothing of danger, and the soldier had been amused by her.

Annemarie willed herself, with all her being, to behave as Kirsti would.

“Good morning,” she said carefully to the soldiers.

Related Characters: Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama, Kirsti Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 113
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Annemarie has just come face-to-face with two Nazi soldiers and their large, snarling dogs. Annemarie, who is in the process of delivering an important packet to her Uncle Henrik, a smuggler about to take a ship full of Danish Jews to freedom in Sweden, is terrified. Rather than run, cry, or give in, however, Annemarie chooses to be brave—and to pretend she’s ignorant of what’s inside her basket, of what’s truly at stake if she’s caught, and of the power, hatred, and cruelty the Nazis wield against anyone who opposes their evil regime. This moment shows that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident

Chapter 17 Quotes

That night, Annemarie’s parents told her the truth about Lise’s death at the beginning of the war.

“She was part of the Resistance, too,” Papa had explained. “Part of the group that fought for our country in whatever ways they could.”

“We didn’t know,” Mama added. “She didn’t tell us. Peter told us after she died.”

“Oh, Papa!” Annemarie cried. “Mama!”

Related Characters: Mr. Johansen/Papa (speaker), Mrs. Johansen/Mama (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Peter Neilsen, Lise Johansen
Page Number and Citation: 129-130
Explanation and Analysis:
For much of the novel, Annemarie has been locked in an ideological battle about the nature of bravery. She has had several discussions with her Uncle Henrik about whether it is easier for one to be brave when one doesn’t fully know or understand the details of what’s at risk. Annemarie has demanded to know the truth, though, at every turn during the complicated journey to get Ellen and the Rosens to freedom. In this passage, as Annemarie learns a truth her parents have held from her for a long time—that her sister Lise was in fact a member of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde eni

[Annemarie] turned and went to her bedroom, where the blue trunk still stood in the corner, as it had all these years. Opening it, Annemarie saw that the yellow dress had begun to fade; it was discolored at the edges where it had lain so long in folds.

Carefully she spread open the skirt of the dress and found the place where Ellen’s necklace lay hidden in the pocket. The little Star of David still gleamed gold.

“Papa?” she said, returning to the balcony, where her father was standing with the others, watching the rejoicing crowd. She opened her hand and showed him the necklace. “Can you fix this? I have kept it all this long time. It was Ellen’s.”

Her father took it from her and examined the broken clasp. “Yes,” he said. “I can fix it. When the Rosens come home, you can give it back to Ellen.”

“Until then,” Annemarie told him, “I will wear it myself.”

Related Characters: Mr. Johansen/Papa (speaker), Annemarie Johansen (speaker), Ellen Rosen, Lise Johansen
Related Symbols: Ellen’s Necklace
Page Number and Citation: 131-132
Explanation and Analysis:
In the final lines of the novel, Annemarie, amidst the citywide celebrations of the end of the war, retreats into her family’s apartment to uncover something hidden away long ago. As she pulls Ellen’s Star of David necklace from the hiding place she selected for it, a profound and symbolic moment is captured. She has kept the necklace belonging to her “pretend” sister Ellen, for all these years, in the folds of her deceased sister Lise’s wedding dress. This moment shows that there are many different types of sisterhood—and not all sisters are connected by blood. As Annemarie asks her Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque er