Refugee
Refugee
by Alan Gratz

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Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1938 Quotes

The Nazis laughed, and Josef’s face burned hot with shame. He struggled in the men’s arms, trying to break free. “I’ll be a man soon enough,” Josef told them. “I’ll be a man in six months and eleven days.”

The Nazis laughed again. “Six months and eleven days!” the Brownshirt said. “Not that he’s counting.” The Brownshirt suddenly turned serious. “Perhaps you’re close enough that we should take you to a concentration camp too, like your father.”

Related Characters: Josef Landau (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 4
Explanation and Analysis:
When Josef’s home is raided by Nazis during the infamous Kristallnacht, the Nazis make fun of Josef being a child when he wets himself in fear. His protests that he will soon be a man (when he turns 13, based on Jewish law) are only met with derision. This sequence introduces two of the major themes that Gratz highlights in all three of his narratives: first, the injustice and cruelty that the three protagonists face. The Nazis view the Jewish people as subhuman, and by devaluing their humanity, they are able to enact such atrocities like ransacking their homes en Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore

Isabel: Outside Havana, Cuba – 1994 (1) Quotes

Isabel was listening for the clave underneath the music, the mysterious hidden beat inside Cuban music that everybody seemed to hear except her. An irregular rhythm that lay over the top of the regular beat, like a heartbeat beneath the skin. Try as she might, she had never heard it, never felt it. She listened now, intently, trying to hear the heartbeat of Cuba in her own music.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez, Geraldo Fernandez, Lito/Mariano Padron
Related Symbols: Isabel’s Trumpet
Page Number and Citation: 11
Explanation and Analysis:
At the beginning of Isabel’s story, she accompanies her father, Geraldo, and her grandfather, Lito, into Havana to wait in line for food. She brings her trumpet, her most prized possession, to play on the street corner, and laments the fact that she still can’t hear the Cuban clave rhythm, which she explains here. Isabel’s frustration with not being able to hear the clave becomes a central tension in the book when she and her family flee Cuba to go to Miami. Isabel’s trumpet, and music in general, serve as stand-ins for Isabel’s connection to her heritage, because it is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qu

Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (1) Quotes

Mahmoud watched as these two boys attacked the boy with the bread, a boy he didn’t even know. He felt the stirrings of indignation, of anger, of sympathy. His breath came quick and deep, and his hands clenched into fists. “I should do something,” he whispered. But he knew better.

Head down, hoodie up, eyes on the ground. The trick was to be invisible. Blend in. Disappear.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Waleed Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 17
Explanation and Analysis:
When readers are first introduced to Mahmoud, he is walking home from school with his brother, Waleed, through the war-torn streets of Aleppo, Syria when he observes a boy being beaten for the bread he is carrying. Although Mahmoud wants to help, he instead chooses to keep his head down. This is Gratz’s introduction to a theme that becomes central to Mahmoud’s storyline: whether it is better to be invisible or visible in these times of danger and trauma. Although over the course of the novel Mahmoud weighs the two concepts and frequently vacillates between them, he begins his story Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaqu

Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1939, 1 day Quotes

Instead, Herr Meier lowered a screen with the faces and profiles of Jewish men and women on it and proceeded to use Josef as an example of how to tell a real German from a Jew. He turned Josef this way and that, pointing out the curve of his nose, the slant of his chin. Josef felt the heat of that embarrassment all over again, the humiliation of being talked about like he was an animal. A specimen. Something subhuman.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Herr Meier
Page Number and Citation: 20
Explanation and Analysis:
When Josef was still been able to attend school in Germany, his teacher called him up in front of the class in order to use him as an exhibit for other students to identify Jewish people. This incident serves as a first example of the way in which the Nazis dehumanize German Jews. Josef understands this explicitly, in the fact that he feels like he is “subhuman,” being treated like an animal in a zoo. He is ripped of his own personal identity and instead treated as belonging to a group. Josef later acknowledges that the pictures Herr Meier showed Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt

Mahmoud: Aleppo, Syria – 2015 (3) Quotes

Everywhere around them, people fled into the streets, covered in gray dust and blood. No sirens rang. No ambulances came to help the wounded. No police cars or emergency crews hurried to the scene.

There weren’t any left.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara, Waleed Bishara, Hana Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Youssef Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 51
Explanation and Analysis:
After Mahmoud’s apartment building is hit by bombs, he and his siblings are able to escape down the stairs and into the street. Once there, Mahmoud sees buildings crumbling around them and chaos in the roads. What he doesn’t see, however, is any attempt at aid or rescue. With Mahmoud’s realization, Gratz shows how Syria has become completely destitute and war-torn. There is very little hope left, in that there is no one there who can help rebuild what has been lost or destroyed, and no way for those who live in Aleppo to receive aid. It is these kinds Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit

Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 8 days Quotes

It all came flooding back to him now—swaying and humming along with the prayers, craning his neck to see the Torah when it was taken out of the ark and hoping to get a chance to touch it and then kiss his fingers as the scroll came around in a procession. Josef felt his skin tingle. The Nazis had taken all this from them, from him, and now he and the passengers on the ship were taking it back.

Related Characters: Rachel Landau, Josef Landau, Aaron Landau
Page Number and Citation: 74
Explanation and Analysis:
A week into Josef’s journey on the St. Louis, the social hall is converted into a synagogue and Josef is able to have his bar mitzvah on the ship. Josef recalls how he had not been able to attend synagogue since before Kristallnacht, since after this event German Jews became afraid of gathering together in public spaces for fear of Nazi retaliation. Josef’s memories of the services and his excitement at being able to revive these traditions emphasize the importance of his cultural heritage. But the fact that Josef is able to practice these traditions once more on the St. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas deb

Isabel: Straits of Florida – 1994, 1 day (1) Quotes

Isabel listened as everyone listed more and more things they were looking forward to in the States. Clothes, food, sports, movies, travel, school, opportunity. It all sounded so wonderful, but when it came down to it, all Isabel really wanted was a place where she and her family could be together, and happy.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez
Page Number and Citation: 84
Explanation and Analysis:
Once Isabel, her family, and the Castillos are able to leave Cuba for Miami, they spend their first night discussing what they might do once they reach the United States. Isabel reveals that she has actually thought very little about what her life in the United States might be like. This also plays into Isabel’s concern that she is losing a part of herself in going to the United States: she worries in later chapters that she won’t be able to feel as connected to her Cuban heritage without living there. Isabel’s only understanding of what she gains from going Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accus

Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 10 days Quotes

Jewish rats,” Schiendick said, sneering at Josef and the other kids. Many of them looked at their shoes, and even Josef looked away, trying not to draw the big man’s attention. Josef clenched his fists, and his ears burned hot with frustration and embarrassment at his helplessness.

Related Characters: Otto Schiendick (speaker), Josef Landau
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 97
Explanation and Analysis:
As the St. Louis speeds toward Cuba, Josef and the other children on board are invited to take a tour of the ship. On the way to the engine room, they pass a room with several crewmembers, including the Nazi Party official on board named Otto Schiendick. Upon seeing the Jewish children, Schiendick insults them and calls them rats. Josef up to this point has believed that he has been living in a kind of paradise on the ship, away from the hatred of the Nazis back in Germany. But this incident reminds Josef of their cruelty, and serves as Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferen

Isabel: Straits of Florida – 1994, 1 day (2) Quotes

She had never been able to count clave, but she had always assumed it would come to her eventually. That the rhythm of her homeland would one day whisper its secrets to her soul. But would she ever hear it now? Like trading her trumpet, had she swapped the one thing that was really hers—her music—for the chance to keep her family together?

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez, Lito/Mariano Padron
Related Symbols: Boats, Water, Isabel’s Trumpet
Page Number and Citation: 102
Explanation and Analysis:
As water seep into the Fernandezes and Castillo’s boat, Lito becomes frustrated, feeling that they are doomed to sink and that they should have stayed in Cuba. He argues that Isabel will become too separated from her roots, and that she will never learn to count clave in Miami. This touches on a fear that Isabel herself has. Her music, as represented by her trumpet, is the largest means by which Isabel engages in her Cuban heritage. In trading her trumpet away for gasoline for their boat, she demonstrated that she was willing to prioritize her family and their future Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Vo

Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

Mahmoud screamed.

He howled louder than a fighter jet, and his parents didn’t even tell him to hush. Lights came on in houses nearby, and curtains ruffled as people looked out at the noise. Mahmoud’s mother broke down in tears, and his father let the life jackets he carried drop to the ground.

The smuggler had just told them their boat wasn’t leaving tonight.

Again.

“No boat today. Tomorrow. Tomorrow,” he’d told Mahmoud’s father.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Youssef Bishara, Waleed Bishara, Hana Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 122
Explanation and Analysis:
After Mahmoud and his family make it to Turkey, they are forced to wait a week before being able to take a boat from Turkey to Greece. Each day, they are told that the boat will leave “tomorrow,” as the smuggler repeats here. This is both an exhausting and a costly prospect, as the Bisharas have very few options of where to stay and how much money they can spend. The repetition of the word “tomorrow” becomes a common thread among all three of the book’s protagonists, as they and their families are perpetually waiting to get somewhere else, uncertain Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis.

Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 14 days Quotes

Suddenly, Josef saw what he had to do. He slapped his father across the face. Hard.

Papa staggered in surprise, and Josef felt just as shocked as his father looked. Josef couldn’t believe what he’d just done. Six months ago, he would never have even dreamed of striking any adult, let alone his father. Papa would have punished him for such disrespect. But in the past six months, Josef and his father had traded places. Papa was the one acting like a child, and Josef was the adult.

Related Characters: Aaron Landau, Josef Landau
Page Number and Citation: 133
Explanation and Analysis:
The day before the St. Louis reaches the coast of Cuba, it is announced that there will be a medical inspection of the passengers on board the ship. When Josef and his family line up, Aaron grows anxious as he is reminded of the roll calls at the Dachau concentration camp. Understanding that his father could be deemed mentally unfit to land in Cuba, Josef slaps him across the face to shock him into silence. This action is a drastic one, and becomes a turning point in Jacob’s character arc. Gratz demonstrates how Jacob has been forced to become more Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui au

Mahmoud: The Mediterranean – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

“Please!” Mahmoud cried. He sobbed with the effort of fighting off the man’s fingers and hanging onto the dinghy. “Please, take us with you!”

“No! No room!”

“At least take my sister!” Mahmoud begged. “She’s a baby. She won’t take up any room!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Hana Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez
Related Symbols: Boats, Water
Page Number and Citation: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud and his family are able to catch a boat from Turkey to Greece, but it capsizes along the way and he and his family are thrown into the water. After being forced to tread water for hours, they hear another dinghy approaching and Mahmoud begs to be let onto the boat. When they refuse, he offers Hana up in order to try and save her life, and the refugees accept her onto their boat. The water’s ongoing symbolic association with despair, and the boats’ association with hope perhaps become starkest here. Treading water in the middle of the ocean, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore l

Isabel: Caribbean Sea – 1994, 3 days Quotes

“Thank you! Thank you!” Isabel cried. Her heart ached with gratitude toward these people. Just a moment’s kindness from each of them might mean the difference between death and survival for her mother and everyone else on the little raft.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez (speaker), Teresa Fernandez, Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 177
Explanation and Analysis:
Following a storm at sea, Isabel and the other refugees arrive at land, which at first they believe to be Miami but then realize is the Bahamas. When they pull up to a dock, the Bahamian police tell them that if they set foot on land, they will be deported back to Cuba. The family decides to turn around and set off for Miami, but before they depart, nearby tourists give them food, water, and aspirin to help them make the journey. This is one of the primary instances in which Gratz highlights the importance of empathy and the responsibility Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut.

Mahmoud: Lesbos to Athens – 2015, 12 days (3) Quotes

The vacationers dropped their voices, and even though Mahmoud couldn’t understand what they were saying, he could hear the disgust in their words. This wasn’t what the tourists had paid for. They were supposed to be on holiday, seeing ancient ruins and beautiful Greek beaches, not stepping over filthy, praying refugees.

They only see us when we do something they don’t want us to do, Mahmoud realized.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 213
Explanation and Analysis:
When Mahmoud and his family are taking a ferry from the Greek island of Lesbos, Mahmoud notices a refugee praying on the deck of the boat and joins him. As he is praying, however, he starts to hear the disgust in the voices of the tourists who are taking the ferry as well. As a result of this, Mahmoud starts to hone his thoughts about what it means to be invisible and how other people can shape how a person might be viewed as well. With Mahmoud’s realization that he and the other refugees are only visible when they do Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perf

Josef: Havana Harbor – 1939, 21 days Quotes

“I wish from the bottom of my heart that you will land soon, Little Man,” Officer Padron said again. “I’m sorry. I’m just doing my job.”

Josef looked deep into Officer Padron’s eyes, searching for some sign of help, some hint of sympathy. Officer Padron just looked away.

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Mahmoud Bishara, Josef Landau, Aaron Landau
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:
When the St. Louis is set to leave Cuba, Josef asks Officer Padron, a Cuban official, what will happen to his father. When Padron explains that Aaron isn’t well enough to come back to the ship, but that Josef, Rachel, and Ruthie can’t join him in Havana, Josef is shocked. Even though this isn’t an overt act of cruelty, the course of the rest of the novel shows the injustice of Padron’s actions in sending the Jewish passengers back to Europe. Many of them, including Josef and Rachel, are eventually killed by the Nazis—an outcome that could have been avoided Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus

Josef: Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 22 days Quotes

For as much as he’d wanted to grow up, Josef wished now that he could join them. Be a little kid again, cheerfully oblivious to what was going on around him.

But he wasn’t a kid anymore. He had responsibilities. Like keeping his sister and his mother safe.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Rachel Landau, Pozner
Page Number and Citation: 253
Explanation and Analysis:
As the St. Louis makes its way back to Europe after being turned away by Cuba and the U.S., Josef watches Ruthie and some of the other kids playing in the pool on the ship, despite the fact that all of the adults have become extremely mournful. Josef recognizes his own transformation from kid to adult. He recognizes the naïveté of wanting to be an adult, because adulthood comes with the heavy responsibilities that he now understands, such as caring for his mother and sister. The heaviness of responsibility is particularly salient to Josef in this moment, as he is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducim

Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 16 days Quotes

“We’re not criminals!” one of the other men in the cell yelled at him.

“We didn’t ask for civil war! We didn’t want to leave our homes!” another man yelled.

“We’re refugees!” Mahmoud yelled, unable to stay silent any longer. “We need help!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Youssef Bishara, Josef Landau
Page Number and Citation: 265
Explanation and Analysis:
When Mahmoud, along with hundreds of other refugees, arrive on the Hungarian border and try to get into the country, they are hit with tear gas canisters and taken to an immigrant detention center, where they are thrown in jail. Mahmoud and the other refugees are stunned at being treated like criminals, because all they want is to be able to pass through Hungary and be able to receive aid. Gratz exposes the injustice and the prejudice of treating the refugees as criminals. He has shown that they are not dangerous; they are simply fleeing a war-torn country and trying Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusanti

Isabel: Coast of Florida – 1994, 5 days (3) Quotes

“Don’t you see?” Lito said. “The Jewish people on the ship were seeking asylum, just like us. They needed a place to hide from Hitler. From the Nazis. Mañana, we told them. We’ll let you in mañana. But we never did.” Lito was crying now, distraught. “We sent them back to Europe and Hitler and the Holocaust. Back to their deaths. How many of them died because we turned them away? Because I was just doing my job?”

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Isabel Fernandez, Josef Landau, Rachel Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Aaron Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 276
Explanation and Analysis:
Just as Isabel and the rest of the refugees on the boat are racing a Coast Guard boat to Miami’s shore, Lito shares the confession that he was the Cuban official who saved Aaron Landau, and who turned away the rest of the St. Louis passengers and sent them back to Europe. By tying together Isabel and Josef’s storylines in this way, Gratz makes another point about the importance of treating refugees with empathy and respect. Josef and Rachel were sent back to their deaths in Europe, and Lito was complicit in the decision that caused this outcome. Additionally, by Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta.

Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 17 days Quotes

Whether you were visible or invisible, it was all about how other people reacted to you. Good and bad things happened either way. If you were invisible, the bad people couldn’t hurt you, that was true. But the good people couldn’t help you, either.

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara, Samih Nasseer
Page Number and Citation: 281
Explanation and Analysis:
When Mahmoud and the rest of his family are taken to the immigrant detention center in Hungary, he once again ponders the idea of whether it is a good or bad thing to be invisible. He runs through each argument, acknowledging its complexity: sometimes it is better to be invisible because it helps a person stay out of trouble. Being invisible, however, also allows people to remain ignorant of Mahmoud’s plight, like when he is stranded in the water, with no way of receiving aid. Being visible, on the other hand, can allow people to help, like in Turkey when Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labor

Isabel: Miami, Florida – 1994, Home Quotes

She was finally counting clave.

Lito was wrong. She didn’t have to be in Havana to hear it. To feel it. She had brought Cuba with her to Miami.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez, Lito/Mariano Padron, Guillermo
Related Symbols: Isabel’s Trumpet
Page Number and Citation: 308
Explanation and Analysis:
One month after Isabel arrives in Miami, she tries out for her new school’s band with a new trumpet gifted to her by her uncle Guillermo. She plays the U.S. national anthem, “The Star Spangled Banner,” but plays it with a salsa rhythm. As she plays and her new classmates clap along, she realizes that she can hear a second rhythm—that she can finally count clave. This is the culmination of what had been a major worry for Isabel, who thought that she would never be able to connect to her cultural heritage (represented by her ability to count clave) Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi

Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home Quotes

I don’t remember much about him, but I do remember he always wanted to be a grown-up. “I don’t have time for games,” he would tell me. “I’m a man now.” And when those soldiers said one of us could go free and the other would be taken to a concentration camp, Josef said, “Take me.”

My brother, just a boy, becoming a man at last.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg (speaker), Saul Rosenberg, Hana Bishara, Rachel Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Josef Landau
Page Number and Citation: 315
Explanation and Analysis:
When Mahmoud and his family find asylum in Germany, they are settled with a host family. This turns out to be Ruthie and her husband Saul. When Mahmoud tells her about how he lost Hana, Ruthie reveals the conclusion of Josef’s story: he chose to sacrifice himself and go to the concentration camps so that Ruthie could go free, and died in the camp along with Rachel. Josef’s decision serves as the conclusion of his journey from a child to a man, as Ruthie acknowledges here. But her language also acknowledges that her brother was still a boy at the Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ips

He was filled with sadness for the boy his age. The boy who had died so Ruthie could live. But Mahmoud was also filled with gratitude. Josef had died so Ruthie could live, and one day welcome Mahmoud and his family into her house.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Josef Landau, Lito/Mariano Padron, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 316
Explanation and Analysis:
After Ruthie tells Mahmoud the details of her journey and Josef’s choice, Mahmoud contemplates how these decisions have also affected his life and survival, too. Mahmoud recognizes that Josef’s sacrifices allowed not only his sister to live, but for her descendants to continue on and for Mahmoud’s family to have a temporary home in Germany—the place where Josef’s own sense of home was stripped from him as a child. Even though Mahmoud and Ruthie’s cultures are very different, being welcomed into her house as though they are family is what allows him to feel a sense of home and belonging. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus
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