Refugee

Refugee

by Alan Gratz

Josef Landau Character Analysis

One of the three protagonists of the book, alongside Isabel and Mahmoud. Josef is 12 years old at the beginning of the book, living in Nazi Germany in 1938, where Jewish people like Josef are treated as “subhuman” and second-class citizens. His father, Aaron, is taken away by the Nazis on Kristallnacht and is sent to the Dachau concentration camp. When Aaron is released six months later, Josef, his mother Rachel, his sister Ruthie, and Aaron all board the St. Louis, which is set to take them to Cuba. A week into their stay on the St. Louis, Josef has his bar mitzvah—but it is not this ceremony that makes him a man. Instead, it is the many responsibilities that Josef is forced to take on by the trauma of their journey that turns Josef into an adult. When his father’s mental health deteriorates, Josef slaps and threatens him to ensure that he can pass the medical inspection to get into Cuba, effectively reversing their roles as father and son. While the passengers wait to be allowed to disembark, Josef encounters Isabel’s grandfather, Mariano Padron, who is a Cuban government officer bound by duty not to let the Jewish refugees in despite feeling sorry for them. Josef’s maturation continues as they situation worsens: after Aaron attempts suicide and is separated from the family, Rachel is stricken with grief, so Josef makes sure that Ruthie is being cared for and protected. When the Jewish refugees are rejected from entering Cuba and it seems likely that the ship is going to take them back to Germany, Josef works with Pozner and other passengers to try to take the ship hostage so that they can avoid this fate. But perhaps Josef’s heaviest decision is the one he must make at the end of the novel: when Nazis give Rachel the choice of setting only one of her children free, Josef sacrifices himself in order to relieve Rachel from the burden of this choice and to spare Ruthie from the concentration camps. Josef later dies in the camps, along with Rachel. Thus, Josef’s tale emphasizes how the trauma of being a refugee often forces a child to grow up far sooner than they should have to, expediting their coming of age. And because in Josef’s case, his life is considerably shortened as a result, Gratz demonstrates the often tragic consequences of growing up in times of war.

Josef Landau Quotes in Refugee

The Refugee quotes below are all either spoken by Josef Landau or refer to Josef Landau. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
).

Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1938 Quotes

The Nazis laughed, and Josef’s face burned hot with shame. He struggled in the men’s arms, trying to break free. “I’ll be a man soon enough,” Josef told them. “I’ll be a man in six months and eleven days.”

The Nazis laughed again. “Six months and eleven days!” the Brownshirt said. “Not that he’s counting.” The Brownshirt suddenly turned serious. “Perhaps you’re close enough that we should take you to a concentration camp too, like your father.”

Related Characters: Josef Landau (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 4
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1939, 1 day Quotes

Instead, Herr Meier lowered a screen with the faces and profiles of Jewish men and women on it and proceeded to use Josef as an example of how to tell a real German from a Jew. He turned Josef this way and that, pointing out the curve of his nose, the slant of his chin. Josef felt the heat of that embarrassment all over again, the humiliation of being talked about like he was an animal. A specimen. Something subhuman.

Related Characters: Herr Meier, Josef Landau
Page Number and Citation: 20
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 8 days Quotes

It all came flooding back to him now—swaying and humming along with the prayers, craning his neck to see the Torah when it was taken out of the ark and hoping to get a chance to touch it and then kiss his fingers as the scroll came around in a procession. Josef felt his skin tingle. The Nazis had taken all this from them, from him, and now he and the passengers on the ship were taking it back.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Rachel Landau, Aaron Landau
Page Number and Citation: 74
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 10 days Quotes

Jewish rats,” Schiendick said, sneering at Josef and the other kids. Many of them looked at their shoes, and even Josef looked away, trying not to draw the big man’s attention. Josef clenched his fists, and his ears burned hot with frustration and embarrassment at his helplessness.

Related Characters: Otto Schiendick (speaker), Josef Landau
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 97
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 14 days Quotes

Suddenly, Josef saw what he had to do. He slapped his father across the face. Hard.

Papa staggered in surprise, and Josef felt just as shocked as his father looked. Josef couldn’t believe what he’d just done. Six months ago, he would never have even dreamed of striking any adult, let alone his father. Papa would have punished him for such disrespect. But in the past six months, Josef and his father had traded places. Papa was the one acting like a child, and Josef was the adult.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Aaron Landau
Page Number and Citation: 133
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: The Mediterranean – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

“Please!” Mahmoud cried. He sobbed with the effort of fighting off the man’s fingers and hanging onto the dinghy. “Please, take us with you!”

“No! No room!”

“At least take my sister!” Mahmoud begged. “She’s a baby. She won’t take up any room!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Hana Bishara, Fatima Bishara, Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez
Related Symbols: Boats, Water
Page Number and Citation: 162
Explanation and Analysis:

Isabel: Caribbean Sea – 1994, 3 days Quotes

“Thank you! Thank you!” Isabel cried. Her heart ached with gratitude toward these people. Just a moment’s kindness from each of them might mean the difference between death and survival for her mother and everyone else on the little raft.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez (speaker), Teresa Fernandez, Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 177
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: Havana Harbor – 1939, 21 days Quotes

“I wish from the bottom of my heart that you will land soon, Little Man,” Officer Padron said again. “I’m sorry. I’m just doing my job.”

Josef looked deep into Officer Padron’s eyes, searching for some sign of help, some hint of sympathy. Officer Padron just looked away.

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Josef Landau, Aaron Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Josef: Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 22 days Quotes

For as much as he’d wanted to grow up, Josef wished now that he could join them. Be a little kid again, cheerfully oblivious to what was going on around him.

But he wasn’t a kid anymore. He had responsibilities. Like keeping his sister and his mother safe.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Josef Landau, Pozner, Rachel Landau
Page Number and Citation: 253
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 16 days Quotes

“We’re not criminals!” one of the other men in the cell yelled at him.

“We didn’t ask for civil war! We didn’t want to leave our homes!” another man yelled.

“We’re refugees!” Mahmoud yelled, unable to stay silent any longer. “We need help!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Josef Landau, Youssef Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 265
Explanation and Analysis:

Isabel: Coast of Florida – 1994, 5 days (3) Quotes

“Don’t you see?” Lito said. “The Jewish people on the ship were seeking asylum, just like us. They needed a place to hide from Hitler. From the Nazis. Mañana, we told them. We’ll let you in mañana. But we never did.” Lito was crying now, distraught. “We sent them back to Europe and Hitler and the Holocaust. Back to their deaths. How many of them died because we turned them away? Because I was just doing my job?”

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Isabel Fernandez, Josef Landau, Rachel Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Aaron Landau, Mahmoud Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number and Citation: 276
Explanation and Analysis:

Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home Quotes

I don’t remember much about him, but I do remember he always wanted to be a grown-up. “I don’t have time for games,” he would tell me. “I’m a man now.” And when those soldiers said one of us could go free and the other would be taken to a concentration camp, Josef said, “Take me.”

My brother, just a boy, becoming a man at last.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg (speaker), Hana Bishara, Saul Rosenberg, Rachel Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Josef Landau
Page Number and Citation: 315
Explanation and Analysis:

He was filled with sadness for the boy his age. The boy who had died so Ruthie could live. But Mahmoud was also filled with gratitude. Josef had died so Ruthie could live, and one day welcome Mahmoud and his family into her house.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Lito/Mariano Padron, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Mahmoud Bishara
Page Number and Citation: 316
Explanation and Analysis:
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Josef Landau Character Timeline in Refugee

The timeline below shows where the character Josef Landau appears in Refugee. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1938
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Twelve-year-old Josef Landau wakes up with a start as Nazi soldiers break into his family’s home. He... (full context)
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
The soldiers then drag Josef and Ruthie into the living room, where the children’s mother, Rachel, and father, Aaron, are.... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef tries to fight the soldiers. The Nazis laugh at the wet spot on Josef’s pajamas,... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
The next day, Josef discovers that the Nazis raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues all... (full context)
Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1939, 1 day from home
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
Josef, Ruthie, and Rachel board a train to Hamburg and sit in a compartment labeled J,... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...would be starting school this year, if Jews were still allowed to go to school. Josef thinks about his last time at school. His teacher, Herr Meier, called him to the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Josef decides to try to explore the train, slipping off the armband with the Star of... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Josef recalls that when Herr Meier called him in front of the class, Josef’s best friend,... (full context)
Josef: On the Train to Hamburg, Germany – 1939, 1 day from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
The Hitler Youth drags Josef down the train. Josef is worried that the boy will turn him into the Nazi... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...Hamburg and arrive at the ship, the MS St. Louis. It is the biggest thing Josef has ever seen—bigger than any building. Above the ship flies the Nazi flag, with the... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...runs past the other passengers in line to board and streaks up the gangway, with Josef, Ruthie, and Rachel running to catch up to him with their luggage. She apologizes to... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
As Josef, Ruthie, and Rachel board the ship, Josef is amazed that all of the sailors on... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Josef is glad to get away from his father. He and Ruthie watch Germany disappear as... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 6 days from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
The St. Louis is a “paradise” for Josef and Ruthie, who enjoy far greater luxury on the ship than they have in the... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef and Ruthie befriend two girls named Renata and Evelyne Aber around Ruthie’s age. Ruthie tells... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef proposes that they play a prank, soaping up door handles along the cabins so that... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 8 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
The day of Josef’s bar mitzvah arrives—the day Josef will “leave his childhood behind and become a man, and... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
Josef is upset that Aaron will not join for his bar mitzvah, but wonders if becoming... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...down the portrait of Hitler in the social hall. Schroeder agrees, and it is removed. Josef notices a crew member on the balcony storm off as it is taken down. The... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Later that day, Josef is walking the Promenade when Renata and Evelyne find him and tell him to stand... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
When Josef sees two stewards talking, he approaches them. He overhears them saying that Captain Schroeder is... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 10 days from home
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Josef and some of the other children on the St. Louis take a tour of the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Another officer then takes Josef and the other children  down below decks to the engine room. They pass a room... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Josef feels weak and upset through the rest of the tour, realizing that they haven’t fully... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 11 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...saying that they have to hide or get off the ship to avoid the Nazis. Josef and Rachel try to restrain Aaron while he panics, and Josef explains that they’re slowing... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Aaron finally seems to understand what Josef is saying, and insists on attending the funeral because he had seen “too many men... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...says that they can make an exception in this case. Schiendick looks at Aaron and Josef for another moment, then storms away. (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
...prayer, the sailors slide the body of the man over the side of the ship. Josef takes sand from a nearby sandbox and throws it over the rail of the deck.... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 14 days from home
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
...as they prepare for their new lives. The next morning, the anchor is dropped, and Josef learns that a Cuban doctor is going to visit the ship for a medical inspection,... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
When the doctor arrives, he asks for the passengers to assemble in the social hall. Josef runs back to his cabin and explains what is happening to Rachel and Aaron. Josef... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Rachel and Josef escort Aaron to the social hall. As the doctor approaches them in line, Aaron begins... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...attention like a prisoner. The doctor comes down the line and looks at each person. Josef, Aaron, Rachel, and Ruthie all pass the inspection. Josef is relieved, but he feels terrible... (full context)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Just as Josef starts to feel hopeful, the man in line next to him says that the whole... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 17 days from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
...two other boats have been allowed to dock and let off their refugees into Havana. Josef is frustrated, wondering why these others have been let off while the St. Louis hasn’t... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...ship to patrol the decks and harass the Jewish passengers. One of these firemen grabs Josef and brings him to Schiendick. Schiendick says that Josef is to come with them because... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Josef has no choice but to bring Schiendick to his family’s cabin, where Aaron is napping... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef, Aaron, and Rachel huddle in the corner. When there is nothing left to destroy, Schiendick... (full context)
Josef: Just Outside Havana Harbor – 1939, 18 days from home (1)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...in their room against the door in terror following the incident with Schiendick, even after Josef and Rachel have cleaned the cabin up. Ruthie crouches in a corner, crying and hugging... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Rachel tells Ruthie to go to the pool, and she tells Josef that she’s going to get a sleeping draught to calm Aaron. Josef warns her that... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...the sleeping draught after she said it was for herself. She quickly falls asleep, and Josef grows worried, not knowing how to take care of Aaron. Josef suddenly realizes that he’s... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Suddenly, Aaron asks Josef if he’s seen anyone drown. Josef doesn’t respond, and Aaron talks about how at the... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef starts to cry, knowing that he had threatened his father with going back to Germany.... (full context)
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Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
When Josef and Ruthie return, however, Aaron is no longer in the cabin. Josef instructs Ruthie to... (full context)
Josef: Just Outside Havana Harbor – 1939, 18 days from home (2)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
...boats, where two other officers restrain him. The boat then speeds back to the shore. Josef is stunned. His father is gone, his mother is unconscious, and his little sister is... (full context)
Josef: Just Outside Havana Harbor – 1939, 19 days from home (2)
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
In the days following Aaron’s suicide attempt, many other passengers on the St. Louis tell Josef how sorry they are about what happened and try to comfort him, but he’s not... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef, Rachel, and Ruthie go to talk to Padron. Rachel asks how Aaron is. Padron says... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
After letting Ruthie catch him, Padron turns to Josef and says that it’s his turn. Josef tries to wave him off, saying he’s too... (full context)
Josef: Just Outside Havana Harbor – 1939, 21 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Josef then asks Officer Padron what will happen to his father. Padron explains that Aaron isn’t... (full context)
Josef: Off the American Coast – 1939, 21 days from home
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Josef finds Rachel in the dance hall, and she asks him to dance with her. Josef... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...that moment, the bandleader says that there will be an announcement in the social hall. Josef and Rachel go to the hall, where they see a few passengers who had been... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
As the panic erupts, Josef spies Schiendick lingering in the doorway, smiling. Josef grows angry. The committee assures the passengers... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
After the meeting, Pozner catches Josef and tells him that there is a group of passengers who are going to try... (full context)
Josef: Somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 22 days from home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef watches Ruthie splashing happily in the swimming pool. He wishes now that he could join... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Ten men gather as a group near the social hall, carrying metal candlesticks and pipes. Josef, by far the youngest, leads them to the bridge. They encounter the first officer, and... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...that his crew will overpower them and that they are inviting criminal charges upon themselves. Josef cries out that the passengers will hold the crew as hostages to make them sail... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...Germany, even to the point of running the ship aground. The other men agree, but Josef is furious. (full context)
Josef: Antwerp, Belgium – 1939, 36 days from home
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
...agreed to divide the refugees among them. The passengers throw an enormous party in celebration. Josef, Rachel, and Ruthie are assigned to France. Josef had wanted to go to England, across... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Family, Displacement, and Culture Theme Icon
Josef, Ruthie, and Rachel arrive in France exactly 40 days after leaving on the ship. Josef... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Josef, Rachel, and Ruthie spend the night in a hotel before taking a train to Le... (full context)
Josef: Vornay, France – 1940, 1 year, 1 month, and 10 days from home
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One year after arriving in France, Josef, Ruthie, and Rachel are hiding in a tiny schoolhouse in Vornay, trying to avoid the... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Josef looks out the window and sees Nazi soldiers entering the building. He breaks a nearby... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...they are Jewish, and tell them that they will be taken to a concentration camp. Josef wonders why the Nazis don’t let them keep going, if they want them gone so... (full context)
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...tells Rachel that they are only enough to buy freedom for one of her children. Josef understands: the Nazis don’t care about how much money they can give them. He is... (full context)
Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
...Ruthie says that she doesn’t remember much about her brother, but that his name was Josef and that he always wanted to be a grown-up. And when he chose to go... (full context)
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
...her in and raised her as family. When the war was over, she searched for Josef and Rachel, but they had both died in the camps. Then she met her husband... (full context)
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Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
Mahmoud is filled with sadness for Josef, but also with gratitude. Saul calls Frau Rosenburg back into the living room, referring to... (full context)