Refugee

Refugee

by

Alan Gratz

Teachers and parents! Our Teacher Edition on Refugee makes teaching easy.

Josef Landau Character Analysis

One of the three protagonists of the book, alongside Isabel and Mahmoud. Josef is 12 years old at the beginning of the book, living in Nazi Germany in 1938, where Jewish people like Josef are treated as “subhuman” and second-class citizens. His father, Aaron, is taken away by the Nazis on Kristallnacht and is sent to the Dachau concentration camp. When Aaron is released six months later, Josef, his mother Rachel, his sister Ruthie, and Aaron all board the St. Louis, which is set to take them to Cuba. A week into their stay on the St. Louis, Josef has his bar mitzvah—but it is not this ceremony that makes him a man. Instead, it is the many responsibilities that Josef is forced to take on by the trauma of their journey that turns Josef into an adult. When his father’s mental health deteriorates, Josef slaps and threatens him to ensure that he can pass the medical inspection to get into Cuba, effectively reversing their roles as father and son. While the passengers wait to be allowed to disembark, Josef encounters Isabel’s grandfather, Mariano Padron, who is a Cuban government officer bound by duty not to let the Jewish refugees in despite feeling sorry for them. Josef’s maturation continues as they situation worsens: after Aaron attempts suicide and is separated from the family, Rachel is stricken with grief, so Josef makes sure that Ruthie is being cared for and protected. When the Jewish refugees are rejected from entering Cuba and it seems likely that the ship is going to take them back to Germany, Josef works with Pozner and other passengers to try to take the ship hostage so that they can avoid this fate. But perhaps Josef’s heaviest decision is the one he must make at the end of the novel: when Nazis give Rachel the choice of setting only one of her children free, Josef sacrifices himself in order to relieve Rachel from the burden of this choice and to spare Ruthie from the concentration camps. Josef later dies in the camps, along with Rachel. Thus, Josef’s tale emphasizes how the trauma of being a refugee often forces a child to grow up far sooner than they should have to, expediting their coming of age. And because in Josef’s case, his life is considerably shortened as a result, Gratz demonstrates the often tragic consequences of growing up in times of war.

Josef Landau Quotes in Refugee

The Refugee quotes below are all either spoken by Josef Landau or refer to Josef Landau. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
).
Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1938 Quotes

The Nazis laughed, and Josef’s face burned hot with shame. He struggled in the men’s arms, trying to break free. “I’ll be a man soon enough,” Josef told them. “I’ll be a man in six months and eleven days.”

The Nazis laughed again. “Six months and eleven days!” the Brownshirt said. “Not that he’s counting.” The Brownshirt suddenly turned serious. “Perhaps you’re close enough that we should take you to a concentration camp too, like your father.”

Related Characters: Josef Landau (speaker)
Page Number: 4
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1939, 1 day Quotes

Instead, Herr Meier lowered a screen with the faces and profiles of Jewish men and women on it and proceeded to use Josef as an example of how to tell a real German from a Jew. He turned Josef this way and that, pointing out the curve of his nose, the slant of his chin. Josef felt the heat of that embarrassment all over again, the humiliation of being talked about like he was an animal. A specimen. Something subhuman.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Herr Meier
Page Number: 20
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 8 days Quotes

It all came flooding back to him now—swaying and humming along with the prayers, craning his neck to see the Torah when it was taken out of the ark and hoping to get a chance to touch it and then kiss his fingers as the scroll came around in a procession. Josef felt his skin tingle. The Nazis had taken all this from them, from him, and now he and the passengers on the ship were taking it back.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Aaron Landau, Rachel Landau
Page Number: 74
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 10 days Quotes

Jewish rats,” Schiendick said, sneering at Josef and the other kids. Many of them looked at their shoes, and even Josef looked away, trying not to draw the big man’s attention. Josef clenched his fists, and his ears burned hot with frustration and embarrassment at his helplessness.

Related Characters: Otto Schiendick (speaker), Josef Landau
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number: 97
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 14 days Quotes

Suddenly, Josef saw what he had to do. He slapped his father across the face. Hard.

Papa staggered in surprise, and Josef felt just as shocked as his father looked. Josef couldn’t believe what he’d just done. Six months ago, he would never have even dreamed of striking any adult, let alone his father. Papa would have punished him for such disrespect. But in the past six months, Josef and his father had traded places. Papa was the one acting like a child, and Josef was the adult.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Aaron Landau
Page Number: 133
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud: The Mediterranean – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

“Please!” Mahmoud cried. He sobbed with the effort of fighting off the man’s fingers and hanging onto the dinghy. “Please, take us with you!”

“No! No room!”

“At least take my sister!” Mahmoud begged. “She’s a baby. She won’t take up any room!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez, Fatima Bishara, Hana Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats, Water
Page Number: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Isabel: Caribbean Sea – 1994, 3 days Quotes

“Thank you! Thank you!” Isabel cried. Her heart ached with gratitude toward these people. Just a moment’s kindness from each of them might mean the difference between death and survival for her mother and everyone else on the little raft.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Teresa Fernandez
Page Number: 177
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: Havana Harbor – 1939, 21 days Quotes

“I wish from the bottom of my heart that you will land soon, Little Man,” Officer Padron said again. “I’m sorry. I’m just doing my job.”

Josef looked deep into Officer Padron’s eyes, searching for some sign of help, some hint of sympathy. Officer Padron just looked away.

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Aaron Landau
Page Number: 221
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 22 days Quotes

For as much as he’d wanted to grow up, Josef wished now that he could join them. Be a little kid again, cheerfully oblivious to what was going on around him.

But he wasn’t a kid anymore. He had responsibilities. Like keeping his sister and his mother safe.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Rachel Landau, Pozner
Page Number: 253
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 16 days Quotes

“We’re not criminals!” one of the other men in the cell yelled at him.

“We didn’t ask for civil war! We didn’t want to leave our homes!” another man yelled.

“We’re refugees!” Mahmoud yelled, unable to stay silent any longer. “We need help!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Josef Landau, Youssef Bishara
Page Number: 265
Explanation and Analysis:
Isabel: Coast of Florida – 1994, 5 days (3) Quotes

“Don’t you see?” Lito said. “The Jewish people on the ship were seeking asylum, just like us. They needed a place to hide from Hitler. From the Nazis. Mañana, we told them. We’ll let you in mañana. But we never did.” Lito was crying now, distraught. “We sent them back to Europe and Hitler and the Holocaust. Back to their deaths. How many of them died because we turned them away? Because I was just doing my job?”

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez, Mahmoud Bishara, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Aaron Landau, Rachel Landau
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number: 276
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home Quotes

I don’t remember much about him, but I do remember he always wanted to be a grown-up. “I don’t have time for games,” he would tell me. “I’m a man now.” And when those soldiers said one of us could go free and the other would be taken to a concentration camp, Josef said, “Take me.”

My brother, just a boy, becoming a man at last.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Rachel Landau, Hana Bishara, Saul Rosenberg
Page Number: 315
Explanation and Analysis:

He was filled with sadness for the boy his age. The boy who had died so Ruthie could live. But Mahmoud was also filled with gratitude. Josef had died so Ruthie could live, and one day welcome Mahmoud and his family into her house.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Lito/Mariano Padron
Page Number: 316
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire Refugee LitChart as a printable PDF.
Refugee PDF

Josef Landau Quotes in Refugee

The Refugee quotes below are all either spoken by Josef Landau or refer to Josef Landau. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
).
Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1938 Quotes

The Nazis laughed, and Josef’s face burned hot with shame. He struggled in the men’s arms, trying to break free. “I’ll be a man soon enough,” Josef told them. “I’ll be a man in six months and eleven days.”

The Nazis laughed again. “Six months and eleven days!” the Brownshirt said. “Not that he’s counting.” The Brownshirt suddenly turned serious. “Perhaps you’re close enough that we should take you to a concentration camp too, like your father.”

Related Characters: Josef Landau (speaker)
Page Number: 4
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: Berlin, Germany – 1939, 1 day Quotes

Instead, Herr Meier lowered a screen with the faces and profiles of Jewish men and women on it and proceeded to use Josef as an example of how to tell a real German from a Jew. He turned Josef this way and that, pointing out the curve of his nose, the slant of his chin. Josef felt the heat of that embarrassment all over again, the humiliation of being talked about like he was an animal. A specimen. Something subhuman.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Herr Meier
Page Number: 20
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 8 days Quotes

It all came flooding back to him now—swaying and humming along with the prayers, craning his neck to see the Torah when it was taken out of the ark and hoping to get a chance to touch it and then kiss his fingers as the scroll came around in a procession. Josef felt his skin tingle. The Nazis had taken all this from them, from him, and now he and the passengers on the ship were taking it back.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Aaron Landau, Rachel Landau
Page Number: 74
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 10 days Quotes

Jewish rats,” Schiendick said, sneering at Josef and the other kids. Many of them looked at their shoes, and even Josef looked away, trying not to draw the big man’s attention. Josef clenched his fists, and his ears burned hot with frustration and embarrassment at his helplessness.

Related Characters: Otto Schiendick (speaker), Josef Landau
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number: 97
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: On the Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 14 days Quotes

Suddenly, Josef saw what he had to do. He slapped his father across the face. Hard.

Papa staggered in surprise, and Josef felt just as shocked as his father looked. Josef couldn’t believe what he’d just done. Six months ago, he would never have even dreamed of striking any adult, let alone his father. Papa would have punished him for such disrespect. But in the past six months, Josef and his father had traded places. Papa was the one acting like a child, and Josef was the adult.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Aaron Landau
Page Number: 133
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud: The Mediterranean – 2015, 11 days (1) Quotes

“Please!” Mahmoud cried. He sobbed with the effort of fighting off the man’s fingers and hanging onto the dinghy. “Please, take us with you!”

“No! No room!”

“At least take my sister!” Mahmoud begged. “She’s a baby. She won’t take up any room!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez, Fatima Bishara, Hana Bishara
Related Symbols: Boats, Water
Page Number: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Isabel: Caribbean Sea – 1994, 3 days Quotes

“Thank you! Thank you!” Isabel cried. Her heart ached with gratitude toward these people. Just a moment’s kindness from each of them might mean the difference between death and survival for her mother and everyone else on the little raft.

Related Characters: Isabel Fernandez (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Teresa Fernandez
Page Number: 177
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: Havana Harbor – 1939, 21 days Quotes

“I wish from the bottom of my heart that you will land soon, Little Man,” Officer Padron said again. “I’m sorry. I’m just doing my job.”

Josef looked deep into Officer Padron’s eyes, searching for some sign of help, some hint of sympathy. Officer Padron just looked away.

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Aaron Landau
Page Number: 221
Explanation and Analysis:
Josef: Atlantic Ocean – 1939, 22 days Quotes

For as much as he’d wanted to grow up, Josef wished now that he could join them. Be a little kid again, cheerfully oblivious to what was going on around him.

But he wasn’t a kid anymore. He had responsibilities. Like keeping his sister and his mother safe.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Rachel Landau, Pozner
Page Number: 253
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud: Hungary – 2015, 16 days Quotes

“We’re not criminals!” one of the other men in the cell yelled at him.

“We didn’t ask for civil war! We didn’t want to leave our homes!” another man yelled.

“We’re refugees!” Mahmoud yelled, unable to stay silent any longer. “We need help!”

Related Characters: Mahmoud Bishara (speaker), Josef Landau, Youssef Bishara
Page Number: 265
Explanation and Analysis:
Isabel: Coast of Florida – 1994, 5 days (3) Quotes

“Don’t you see?” Lito said. “The Jewish people on the ship were seeking asylum, just like us. They needed a place to hide from Hitler. From the Nazis. Mañana, we told them. We’ll let you in mañana. But we never did.” Lito was crying now, distraught. “We sent them back to Europe and Hitler and the Holocaust. Back to their deaths. How many of them died because we turned them away? Because I was just doing my job?”

Related Characters: Lito/Mariano Padron (speaker), Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez, Mahmoud Bishara, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Aaron Landau, Rachel Landau
Related Symbols: Boats
Page Number: 276
Explanation and Analysis:
Mahmoud: Berlin Germany – 2015, Home Quotes

I don’t remember much about him, but I do remember he always wanted to be a grown-up. “I don’t have time for games,” he would tell me. “I’m a man now.” And when those soldiers said one of us could go free and the other would be taken to a concentration camp, Josef said, “Take me.”

My brother, just a boy, becoming a man at last.

Related Characters: Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg (speaker), Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Rachel Landau, Hana Bishara, Saul Rosenberg
Page Number: 315
Explanation and Analysis:

He was filled with sadness for the boy his age. The boy who had died so Ruthie could live. But Mahmoud was also filled with gratitude. Josef had died so Ruthie could live, and one day welcome Mahmoud and his family into her house.

Related Characters: Josef Landau, Mahmoud Bishara, Ruthie Landau/Rosenberg, Lito/Mariano Padron
Page Number: 316
Explanation and Analysis: