The Book of Unknown Americans
by Cristina Henríquez

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Themes and Colors
The Unknown and The American Dream Theme Icon
Longing Theme Icon
Isolation vs. Community Theme Icon
Futility, Chance, and Loss Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Book of Unknown Americans, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Longing Theme Icon
Longing Theme Icon

The hope that “someplace else will be better” and the desire to reach that bettered state of living drives each and every character in The Book of Unknown Americans. Though all of the characters take steps to reach a better life, in the end everyone still longs for something more. By finishing her novel on this note, Cristina Henríquez makes the argument that longing is a living, breathing thing—it is never satisfied and it is always growing and changing. Longing, she argues, is what makes the (often grueling) immigrant experience possible, and what keeps the occasionally vicious cycle of desire and longing going. For better or for worse, Arturo Rivera says, longing goads “people to do what they have to in this life.”

Alma and Arturo long each day for Maribel’s recovery—the hope that they’ll be able to help her become herself again is what drives their move to the States. Once settled in Delaware, their longing is met with complication—Maribel cannot go to the special school she was originally supposed to attend, and must start out in the public school system instead. Meanwhile, Arturo’s job at a mushroom farm in Pennsylvania is not at all what he thought it would be, and he and Alma, now embroiled in a miserable situation on all sides, experience a longing for home. By moving the Riveras from one situation of desperate longing toward its resolution, and then pulling the rug out from underneath their feet, Henríquez highlights the inability to satisfy longing and the ways in which longing just breeds new longings.

While the Riveras long for a better life for their family, a better education for their daughter, and an end to the pain that has plagued them since Maribel’s accident, Maribel’s longing is seemingly simple and achievable: she likes a boy who likes her back. Henríquez complicates Maribel’s longing, though, by causing it to lead to a chain of unforeseeable events which results in Arturo’s death. Thus, Maribel’s longing remains unfulfilled—longing, Henríquez argues through this storyline, can never really be satisfied. Approaching the Mayor/Maribel storyline from Mayor’s point of view, Henríquez introduces the notion that not only is longing unfulfillable, but it can also be dangerous. Mayor Toro is full of longing—to fit in at school, to crawl out from under his older brother Enrique’s shadow, and to woo the odd but beautiful Maribel Rivera. As Mayor’s longing for Maribel grows, it eclipses all his other wants and he pursues it to his own detriment. When the first snowfall of the year starts, Mayor drives his father’s car illegally to Maribel’s school and takes her out of class in an attempt to bring her on an adventure to mark her first time ever seeing snow. Mayor’s longing to create a perfect day with Maribel has devastating effects when her father, Arturo, is killed while trying to find her. Longing is shown here, in Mayor’s story, to be something with potentially dangerous consequences—acting selfishly out of longing can set off a chain of events which has dire results. Maribel and Mayor’s longing for one another, despite Mayor’s feelings that they are “meant for each other,” remains unfulfilled—and creates devastating consequences which themselves just inspire more longing.

The general longing for a better life is what drives many of the stories that make up the tapestry of The Book of Unknown Americans. This longing—which Arturo claims is rooted in the “immigrant instinct”—is vague but intense, and it often puts characters in conflict with the reality of their circumstances. Nelia Zafón, who longed to be a famous dancer in her youth, was forced to confront the fact that not only were her dreams further from her reach than she thought, but that the deck was stacked against her all along due to the racism and tokenism of the entertainment industry. Micho Alvarez longs to use his photography to portray immigrants in a positive light, and to illuminate the poverty and desperation that colors many of their lives, but he is aware that his effort alone will not speed up “progress” for the millions of immigrants in America. Quisqueya Solís longs for true friendship, but she is held back from making any substantial connections with her neighbors due to her desire to keep her troubled past a secret. The longing for something, or someplace, better drives all of the characters in the novel, and each one of them comes to realize, in some way, that the nature of longing is that it is constantly renewed.

As Henríquez’s characters attempt to fulfill their hopes and to find all they long for, they are forced to confront the fact that perhaps their dreams will never be realized, and that the end to one kind of longing will only ever herald another kind. Longing can pave the road to joy, or it can open the door for more and more struggle—Henríquez allows longing to offer her characters both happiness and pain, and in doing so demonstrates that though the things we long for can perhaps be attained in some way, the nature of longing itself is that it can never be truly fulfilled.

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Longing Quotes in The Book of Unknown Americans

Below you will find the important quotes in The Book of Unknown Americans related to the theme of Longing.

Chapter 1: Alma Quotes

Back then, all we wanted was the simplest things: to eat good food, to sleep at night, to smile, to laugh, to be well. We felt it was our right, as much as it was anyone’s, to have those things. Of course, when I think about it now, I see that I was naive. I was blinded by the swell of hope and the promise of possibility. I assumed that everything that would go wrong in our lives already had.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 3
Explanation and Analysis:
The novel begins with a wistful reminiscence. Alma Rivera contemplates a time when simplicity was enough for her and her family, and they did not feel burdened by loss, grief, guilt, or longing. They were confident in the fact that they “deserved” the things they had, and though they hoped for more and were excited by the “promise of possibility,” there was no real need to strive for anything else. Alma felt secure in the idea that hard times were over, and that all that lay ahead of her and her family was prosperity and happiness. At the point she Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio

Chapter 3: Rafael Toro Quotes

We’re Americans now. We’re citizens, and if someone asks me where my home is, I say los Estados Unidos. I say it proudly. Of course, we still miss Panamá. Celia is desperate to go back and visit. But I worry what it would be like after all this time. We thought it was unrecognizable when we left, but I have a feeling it would be even more unrecognizable now. Sometimes I think I would rather just remember it in my head, all those streets and places I loved. Because a place can do many things against you, and if it’s your home or if it was your home at one time, you still love it. That’s how it works.

Related Characters: Rafael “Rafa” Toro (speaker), Celia Toro
Page Number and Citation: 23
Explanation and Analysis:
As Rafael Toro recounts the details of his life and the circumstances that inspired his and his family’s move from Panamá to the United States, he reflects on a Panamá torn apart by violent conflict and deep-rooted corruption. At the point he and his family fled the country, it was already “unrecognizable” to him—now, he fears, after having spent fifteen years establishing a life in the United States, that inability to recognize or to reconnect his own homeland will have been compounded many times over. Feeling torn between two lives and two places—bursting with pride at his newfound life in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus vo

Chapter 4: Alma Quotes

I dropped the hot dog into a pot of water. I could hear Arturo behind me, working through his thoughts, trying to box in his frustration. After all these years, I could interpret his various silences. I knew he didn’t want to say any more about it. I didn’t want him to, either.

Finally, “She’s in the bedroom?” he asked.

“She’s resting,” I said. “The hot dog will be ready soon,” I added, as if it were some sort of consolation. But when Arturo didn’t say anything, I felt acutely the meagerness of it, the insufficiency. We wanted more. We wanted what we had come here for.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Arturo Rivera (speaker), Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 27
Explanation and Analysis:
As the Riveras begin to settle into their new lives in Newark, Delaware, they begin to realize that the American Dream is not necessarily what they thought it would be. After they struggle to place their daughter in the specialized school they long to send her to, and Arturo attempts to adjust to his grueling job as a physical laborer at a dark and dank indoor mushroom farm, they are forced to reckon with the sad fact that perhaps they will not ever get “what [they] had come here for”—or at least not in the way they thought they would. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut venia

Chapter 7: Alma Quotes

English was such a dense, tight language. So many hard letters, like miniature walls. Not open with vowels the way Spanish was. Our throats open, our mouths open, our hearts open. In English, the sounds were closed. They thudded to the floor. And yet, there was something magnificent about it. There was no usted, no tu. There was only one word—you. It applied to all people. Everyone equal. There were no words that changed from feminine to masculine and back again depending on the speaker. A person was from New York. Not a woman from New York, not a man from New York. Simply a person.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Alma uses the phonetic and linguistic differences between the Spanish and English languages to compare her old life in México with her new life in America. Alma has had a difficult and disappointing time in the United States so far—she has longed every day for her home back in México and has felt that her circumstances in America are “insufficient” compared to the comfort, stability, and ease that was second-nature to her old life. In this way, the “walls” of the English language stand out to her at first glance—or, rather, at first listen. The language is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti sol

Chapter 8: Mayor Quotes

“It’s in you,” my dad assured me once. “You were born in Panamá. It’s in your bones.”

I spent a lot of time trying to find it in me, but usually I couldn’t. I felt more American than anything, but even that was up for debate according to the kids at school who’d taunted me over the years. The truth was that I didn’t know which I was. I wasn’t allowed to claim the thing I felt and I didn’t feel the thing I was supposed to claim.

Related Characters: Mayor Toro (speaker), Rafael “Rafa” Toro (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 78
Explanation and Analysis:
Mayor Toro was just an infant when his family fled the violence in Panamá, and as such he has no memories of his early life there. Some gaps and blanks have been filled in—wistfully and nostalgically—by his parents and his older brother, but Mayor himself has never visited Panamá and feels no real connection to the country. In fact, his identity as a Panamanian makes him the object of taunts and cruelty at school, and, if anything, he wants to distance himself from it. By the same token, those taunts and the othering he faces at the hands of his Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. O

Chapter 12: Quisqueya Solís Quotes

I missed my mother, but the truth was that I had missed her even when we were together, so it was nothing new.

Related Characters: Quisqueya Solis (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 117
Explanation and Analysis:
As Quisqueya Solis narrates the story of her difficult life, feelings of longing, regret, and isolation emerge through its details. After her mother moved herself and Quisqueya to California to live in the house of an American man she fell in love with and married, Quisqueya was abused and raped by her stepbrother. Quisqueya had always felt distant from her mother, she says in this passage, but that feeling was compounded once she felt alone and isolated in a new country, with no one—not even family—to turn to. Quisqueya’s conundrum here—feelings of longing for something that perhaps never existed—is specific Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectu

Chapter 13: Alma Quotes

“What if God wants us to be happy? What if there’s nothing else around the bend? What if all our unhappiness is in the past and from here on out we get an uncomplicated life? Some people get that, you know. Why shouldn’t it be us?”

Related Characters: Arturo Rivera (speaker), Alma Rivera, Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 123
Explanation and Analysis:
Just pages after Alma’s rumination on the atmosphere of foreboding and fear which has come to shape her life, her husband Arturo offers a different point of view: What if the worst is, in fact, really over? Arturo is all too aware of the insufficiency of their circumstances and the painful adjustment period they have had to go through, and the feelings of futility these things have inspired in his wife. However, he attempts to lift her mood—and his own—by questioning why they no longer feel they “deserve” a simple, joyful life, the way they once did. Arturo’s logic is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut

Chapter 18: Nelia Zafón Quotes

On my walk home sometimes, as I stepped back down into that cellar apartment, my eyes heavy from exhaustion, I would think, Is this what this is? This country? My life? Is this all? But even when I thought that, I was always aware of some other part of me saying, there is more. And you will find it.

Related Characters: Nelia Zafón (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 177
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Nelia Zafón recalls a time in her life when she was struggling to make it as a dancer in New York and to live out her version of the American dream of being seen, known, and recognized. Frustrated by the racism and tokenism she encountered in the industry, she grew worn down by the daily grind and the physical demands of her life, and began to slip into feelings of depression, exhaustion, and a sense that her entire pursuit of a life in America was futile. Nelia notes, however, that even in these times of doubt and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores

Chapter 19: Alma Quotes

This wasn’t how it was supposed to happen. We had followed the rules. We had said to ourselves, We won’t be like those people who pack up and [go] north without waiting for the proper authorization. We were no less desperate them. We understood, just as they did, how badly a person could want a thing—money, or peace of mind, or a better education for their injured daughter, or just a chance at this thing called life. But we would be different. We would do it the right way. So we filled out the papers and waited nearly a year before they let us come. We waited even though it would have been so much easier not to wait. And for what?

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Arturo Rivera, Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 181-82
Explanation and Analysis:
Despite their best efforts to do things the “right” way and to safeguard themselves against any calamity, misfortune, or prejudice, the Riveras find themselves destitute and desperate, on the verge of falling out of status and becoming undocumented. Alma’s dedication to making sure that she and her family were the “right” kind of immigrants all of a sudden feels deeply futile—a fact that sends her spinning into a spiral of grief. Unable to see the point of having toed the line and stuck to the rules, Alma is plunged into a reckoning with her ideal of the American dream, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae volupt

Chapter 26: Mayor Quotes

Both of us were trying to make sense of it. And sitting there, I started thinking, Who can say whose fault it is? Who can say who set this whole thing in motion? Maybe it was Maribel. Maybe it was me. Maybe if I hadn’t left school that day, none of this would have happened. Maybe if our parents hadn’t forbidden us from seeing each other, I wouldn’t have needed to steal her away. Maybe if my dad had never bought that car, I wouldn’t have had a way to get to the beach. Maybe it was my tía Gloria’s fault for giving my dad the money [to] buy it. Maybe it was my tío Esteban’s fault for being a jerk she would need to divorce to get that money. You could trace it back infinitely. All these different veins, but who knew which one led to the heart? And then again, maybe it had nothing to do with any of us. Maybe it really was completely random, just something that happened.

Related Characters: Mayor Toro (speaker), Maribel Rivera
Related Symbols: Rafael’s Car
Page Number and Citation: 261
Explanation and Analysis:
When Maribel asks Mayor if her father Arturo’s death is her fault, Mayor initially assures her that she is blameless. However, as he begins to ponder the situation at hand, and look backwards through recent events in search of a cause or a person to blame, Mayor realizes that blame and guilt are deep, intricate concepts—and that it is ultimately futile to try to untangle the web they often weave. Everyone in this particular situation could be to blame, which in fact makes them blameless—there is no one incident, circumstance, or individual who contributed more to Arturo’s tragic death than Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum

“You could come back one day,” I said. “Or I could come there.”

“Maybe.”

“I could find you.”

Maribel shook her head. “Finding is for things that are lost. You don’t need to find me, Mayor.”

Related Characters: Mayor Toro (speaker), Maribel Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 263
Explanation and Analysis:
As Mayor and Maribel prepare to part ways in all likelihood forever, Mayor laments the loss of his first love. Maribel assures him, though, that once she leaves she will not necessarily be “lost” to him—she will always be with him, and he will never need to seek out or “find” the memories, experiences, and lessons they shared. In a novel concerned with what it means to endure a loss—loss of self, loss of agency, loss of homeland, loss of life—Maribel Rivera offers a wise meditation on the idea that loss is perhaps not as permanent as one might think—that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequunt

Chapter 27: Alma Quotes

It was only a word—justice. It was only a concept, and it wasn’t enough.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Arturo Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 268
Explanation and Analysis:
After Arturo’s death, a local police officer who initially, months ago, denied Alma’s request for him to look into Garrett Miller, promises her that the law will find “justice” for Arturo. Alma is wearied, grieving, and broken down by how hard her time in America has been—and now, with Arturo’s death, the unhappiness she has endured over the course of the last several months makes everything, even Maribel’s progress in school and at home, seem futile. Even justice, and the idea that Arturo’s death will not have been in vain, seems like a faraway and minimal promise. Alma, Arturo, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur molliti

There she was again. The person Arturo and I had been waiting for, the reason for all of this. And as I looked at her I saw that maybe she had been here all along. Not exactly the girl she used to be before the accident, which was the girl I thought I had been searching for, but my Maribel, brave and impetuous and kind. All this time I had been buried too far under my guilt to see her. I had been preoccupied with getting us to the United States because I wanted it to make her whole again. I believed that I had lost my daughter and that if I did the right things and brought us to the right place, I could recover the girl she used to be. What I didn’t understand—what I realized now—was that if I stopped moving backwards, trying to recapture the past, there might be a future waiting for us.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Arturo Rivera, Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 282
Explanation and Analysis:
When Maribel, after throwing up on the side of the road as she and Alma make the long journey back towards México, asks Alma if she can cut and dye her hair once they are back home, Alma is struck with a flash of realization: her “brave and impetuous” daughter has been with her the whole time. All of Alma’s struggles to bring Maribel to the States, to improve her daughter, and to change her back into who she “was” before the accident were ultimately futile—Maribel never left her. Alma was so isolated in her grief that she was unable Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum.

Chapter 28: Arturo Rivera Quotes

Maybe it’s the instinct of every immigrant, born of necessity or longing: Someplace else will be better than here. And this condition: if only I can get to that place.

Related Characters: Arturo Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 286
Explanation and Analysis:
In Arturo’s graceful coda—the reflective ending of the novel—he ruminates on the nature of the immigrant spirit and the drives that push immigrants toward “someplace better.” He acknowledges the unique combination of longing and necessity which drove him to America, and considers whether “every immigrant” is propelled by the same kind of “instinct.” The desire to get to a new place, and to make for oneself a better life, is what Henríquez has revealed to have driven every immigrant whose story has been highlighted throughout the novel. Whether the move to America was for love, money, fame, family, or refuge, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Ve