The Book of Unknown Americans
by Cristina Henríquez

The Unknown and The American Dream Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
The Unknown and The American Dream Theme Icon
Longing Theme Icon
Isolation vs. Community Theme Icon
Futility, Chance, and Loss Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Book of Unknown Americans, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
The Unknown and The American Dream Theme Icon
The Unknown and The American Dream Theme Icon

The American Dream—the idea that in America everyone, regardless of race, creed, or class, can enjoy prosperity, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—is a driving force in the lives of the characters in Cristina Henríquez’s The Book of Unknown Americans. The pursuit of the American dream offers, in theory, the chance not just to be safe and sheltered in the United States, but also to be seen, known, and accepted. However, as Henríquez’s characters—almost all immigrants from South and Central America, who occupy the same bustling apartment complex—make their new lives in the United States, they each find that the myth of the American dream does not offer quite what they thought it would. As Henríquez’s characters reckon with realizing that they are—and perhaps always will be—the “unknown” Americans, they struggle to accept that the reality of American opportunity is different from the myth of being recognized and embraced—the reality of the American dream is struggle, uncertainty, and unknowability.

Arturo and Alma Rivera come from México in an attempt to heal their brain-injured daughter, Maribel. Rafael and Celia Toro left Panamá with their small children, Enrique and Mayor, to escape the horrors of war. Others in the apartment building departed their home countries in search of fortune and fame. All of Henríquez’s characters are chasing something to the United States—and few of them ever really find it. Some are able to accomplish a version of their dreams and experience, to some degree, the feeling of being seen—once Broadway-bound, the dejected Nelia Zafón opens a small theater of her own in Delaware; Benny Quinto, who dreamed of striking it rich and turned to dealing drugs in order to do so, realized that a life of safety and temperance was more appealing than one of high risks for high rewards. However, huge roadblocks still stand between these characters and the achievement of the dreams they set out to make a reality. Prejudice, discrimination, cultural and linguistic barriers, and the cruel realization that the American dream is a fantasy deepen the feeling of being “unknown,” and Henríquez forces her characters to reckon head-on with their disappointment and frustration.

The word “unknown” means a lot of different things within the context of this novel. The characters in it are unknown within the country they have worked so hard to be able to call home—but they are also, in large part, unknown to themselves and to each other. Their futures, too, are unknown, and on top of everything, the longer they stay in America the more unknown they become to the people from their pasts. When the Toros save up for a trip home to Panama, Rafael’s friend tells him, over the phone a few days before the journey, that Rafael is no longer Panamanian but is now “gringo royalty.” Hurt and furious, Rafael cancels the trip. José Mercado, a Puerto Rican Navy man with the soul of a poet, enlisted in the military as a young man as a proud service member in order to please his father and feel a connection to his country. Pursuing his vision of what it means to be an American, though, has taken a toll on both his physical and emotional well-being, and José now, in his old age, feels more unknown than ever before.

As Henríquez’s characters struggle with the disappointment of not being able to be seen or known in America, many of them ultimately embrace the fact that the true nature of the American dream is, in fact, the feeling of being unseen and unknown—and persevering toward success and happiness in spite of that feeling. Each character’s eyes are eventually opened to the unattainability of all they dreamed up, but each comes to recognize a new way of dreaming and recognizes that possibility, promise, and longing are what “keep [many of them] going.”

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The Unknown and The American Dream Quotes in The Book of Unknown Americans

Below you will find the important quotes in The Book of Unknown Americans related to the theme of The Unknown and The American Dream.

Chapter 1: Alma Quotes

Back then, all we wanted was the simplest things: to eat good food, to sleep at night, to smile, to laugh, to be well. We felt it was our right, as much as it was anyone’s, to have those things. Of course, when I think about it now, I see that I was naive. I was blinded by the swell of hope and the promise of possibility. I assumed that everything that would go wrong in our lives already had.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 3
Explanation and Analysis:
The novel begins with a wistful reminiscence. Alma Rivera contemplates a time when simplicity was enough for her and her family, and they did not feel burdened by loss, grief, guilt, or longing. They were confident in the fact that they “deserved” the things they had, and though they hoped for more and were excited by the “promise of possibility,” there was no real need to strive for anything else. Alma felt secure in the idea that hard times were over, and that all that lay ahead of her and her family was prosperity and happiness. At the point she Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio

Chapter 3: Rafael Toro Quotes

We’re Americans now. We’re citizens, and if someone asks me where my home is, I say los Estados Unidos. I say it proudly. Of course, we still miss Panamá. Celia is desperate to go back and visit. But I worry what it would be like after all this time. We thought it was unrecognizable when we left, but I have a feeling it would be even more unrecognizable now. Sometimes I think I would rather just remember it in my head, all those streets and places I loved. Because a place can do many things against you, and if it’s your home or if it was your home at one time, you still love it. That’s how it works.

Related Characters: Rafael “Rafa” Toro (speaker), Celia Toro
Page Number and Citation: 23
Explanation and Analysis:
As Rafael Toro recounts the details of his life and the circumstances that inspired his and his family’s move from Panamá to the United States, he reflects on a Panamá torn apart by violent conflict and deep-rooted corruption. At the point he and his family fled the country, it was already “unrecognizable” to him—now, he fears, after having spent fifteen years establishing a life in the United States, that inability to recognize or to reconnect his own homeland will have been compounded many times over. Feeling torn between two lives and two places—bursting with pride at his newfound life in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus vo

Chapter 4: Alma Quotes

I dropped the hot dog into a pot of water. I could hear Arturo behind me, working through his thoughts, trying to box in his frustration. After all these years, I could interpret his various silences. I knew he didn’t want to say any more about it. I didn’t want him to, either.

Finally, “She’s in the bedroom?” he asked.

“She’s resting,” I said. “The hot dog will be ready soon,” I added, as if it were some sort of consolation. But when Arturo didn’t say anything, I felt acutely the meagerness of it, the insufficiency. We wanted more. We wanted what we had come here for.

Related Characters: Arturo Rivera (speaker), Alma Rivera (speaker), Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 27
Explanation and Analysis:
As the Riveras begin to settle into their new lives in Newark, Delaware, they begin to realize that the American Dream is not necessarily what they thought it would be. After they struggle to place their daughter in the specialized school they long to send her to, and Arturo attempts to adjust to his grueling job as a physical laborer at a dark and dank indoor mushroom farm, they are forced to reckon with the sad fact that perhaps they will not ever get “what [they] had come here for”—or at least not in the way they thought they would. Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut venia

Chapter 7: Alma Quotes

English was such a dense, tight language. So many hard letters, like miniature walls. Not open with vowels the way Spanish was. Our throats open, our mouths open, our hearts open. In English, the sounds were closed. They thudded to the floor. And yet, there was something magnificent about it. There was no usted, no tu. There was only one word—you. It applied to all people. Everyone equal. There were no words that changed from feminine to masculine and back again depending on the speaker. A person was from New York. Not a woman from New York, not a man from New York. Simply a person.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Alma uses the phonetic and linguistic differences between the Spanish and English languages to compare her old life in México with her new life in America. Alma has had a difficult and disappointing time in the United States so far—she has longed every day for her home back in México and has felt that her circumstances in America are “insufficient” compared to the comfort, stability, and ease that was second-nature to her old life. In this way, the “walls” of the English language stand out to her at first glance—or, rather, at first listen. The language is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti sol

Chapter 8: Mayor Quotes

“It’s in you,” my dad assured me once. “You were born in Panamá. It’s in your bones.”

I spent a lot of time trying to find it in me, but usually I couldn’t. I felt more American than anything, but even that was up for debate according to the kids at school who’d taunted me over the years. The truth was that I didn’t know which I was. I wasn’t allowed to claim the thing I felt and I didn’t feel the thing I was supposed to claim.

Related Characters: Mayor Toro (speaker), Rafael “Rafa” Toro (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 78
Explanation and Analysis:
Mayor Toro was just an infant when his family fled the violence in Panamá, and as such he has no memories of his early life there. Some gaps and blanks have been filled in—wistfully and nostalgically—by his parents and his older brother, but Mayor himself has never visited Panamá and feels no real connection to the country. In fact, his identity as a Panamanian makes him the object of taunts and cruelty at school, and, if anything, he wants to distance himself from it. By the same token, those taunts and the othering he faces at the hands of his Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. O

Chapter 12: Quisqueya Solís Quotes

My life has been what it has been. It’s not a wonderful story, but it’s mine.

Related Characters: Quisqueya Solis (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 118
Explanation and Analysis:
In a novel populated by brief but touching accounts of immigrant life from a wide variety of perspectives, one thing is constant—each individual takes pride in their story. Quisqueya is the only character to really articulate this feeling, and she does so in a melancholy but nonetheless headstrong manner. She admits that her life has been full of difficulty, loss, and uncertainty, but nonetheless she feels grateful for what she has and lucky to be able to own, accept, and share her story. It would be easy for Quisqueya to become mired in grief or feelings of futility, but rather Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. P

Chapter 13: Alma Quotes

I was a worrier by nature and I couldn’t escape the feeling that anything could happen to her at any time. As if because something terrible had happened to her once, there was more of a possibility that something terrible would happen to her again. Or maybe it was merely that I understood how vulnerable she was in a way I hadn’t before. I understood how easily and how quickly things could be snatched away.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Maribel Rivera
Related Symbols: The Ladder
Page Number and Citation: 120
Explanation and Analysis:
In contrast to her feelings of happiness and security prior to the beginning of the novel, Alma is now in a constant state of worry, discontent, and foreboding. She has looked loss and grief in the face, and the constant threat of having to do so once again now looms over the entirety of her life. This is, in some ways, a marker of wisdom and maturity—Alma’s youthful naivete, which she herself admitted to in the novel’s first lines, has been eradicated. In other ways, this quote demonstrates Alma’s inability to cope with the aftereffects of loss, and the ways Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut ven

“What if God wants us to be happy? What if there’s nothing else around the bend? What if all our unhappiness is in the past and from here on out we get an uncomplicated life? Some people get that, you know. Why shouldn’t it be us?”

Related Characters: Arturo Rivera (speaker), Alma Rivera, Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 123
Explanation and Analysis:
Just pages after Alma’s rumination on the atmosphere of foreboding and fear which has come to shape her life, her husband Arturo offers a different point of view: What if the worst is, in fact, really over? Arturo is all too aware of the insufficiency of their circumstances and the painful adjustment period they have had to go through, and the feelings of futility these things have inspired in his wife. However, he attempts to lift her mood—and his own—by questioning why they no longer feel they “deserve” a simple, joyful life, the way they once did. Arturo’s logic is Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut

Chapter 15: Adolfo “Fito” Angelino Quotes

The area is changing. A clash of cultures. I try to make this building like an island for all of us washed-ashore refugees. A safe harbor. I don’t let anyone mess with me. If people want to tell me to go home, I just turn to them and smile politely and say, “I’m already there.”

Related Characters: Adolfo “Fito” Angelino (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 146
Explanation and Analysis:
Fito is the landlord of the Redwood Apartments—the building where the novel is set, and in which all of its characters live—and in this quotation he describes what has driven him to work as a landlord and to maintain a safe, lively community for those who feel as if they have “washed ashore” in America with no “harbor” in sight. Fito is bolstered by his role as someone who helps to build and maintain a community of immigrants, and he uses this confidence and pride in order to handle people who are prejudiced against immigrants and who tell Fito to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Providen

Chapter 17: Mayor Quotes

“Next time, just try to blend in with everyone else and you’ll be fine,” my mom offered.

“The way of the world,” my dad said.

“What?” my mom asked.

“Just trying to blend in. That’s the way of the world.”

“Well, that’s the way of America, at least,” my mom said.

Related Characters: Celia Toro (speaker), Rafael “Rafa” Toro (speaker), Mayor Toro
Related Symbols: Rafael’s Car
Page Number and Citation: 166
Explanation and Analysis:
After Rafael Toro purchases a used Volkswagen Rabbit—his first ever car after a lifetime of dreaming of and “lusting after” expensive foreign cars—he drives his family home from the used-car lot at a snail’s pace. When Celia reprimands him and asks why he was driving so slowly, Rafael explains that he didn’t want to be pulled over by a cop who was looking to mess with someone “black or brown.” Celia retorts that he should just blend in, and Rafael resignedly admits that assimilating is “the way of the world.” Celia’s assertion that blending in is certainly “the way of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Expli

Chapter 18: Nelia Zafón Quotes

On my walk home sometimes, as I stepped back down into that cellar apartment, my eyes heavy from exhaustion, I would think, Is this what this is? This country? My life? Is this all? But even when I thought that, I was always aware of some other part of me saying, there is more. And you will find it.

Related Characters: Nelia Zafón (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 177
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Nelia Zafón recalls a time in her life when she was struggling to make it as a dancer in New York and to live out her version of the American dream of being seen, known, and recognized. Frustrated by the racism and tokenism she encountered in the industry, she grew worn down by the daily grind and the physical demands of her life, and began to slip into feelings of depression, exhaustion, and a sense that her entire pursuit of a life in America was futile. Nelia notes, however, that even in these times of doubt and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores

Chapter 19: Alma Quotes

This wasn’t how it was supposed to happen. We had followed the rules. We had said to ourselves, We won’t be like those people who pack up and [go] north without waiting for the proper authorization. We were no less desperate them. We understood, just as they did, how badly a person could want a thing—money, or peace of mind, or a better education for their injured daughter, or just a chance at this thing called life. But we would be different. We would do it the right way. So we filled out the papers and waited nearly a year before they let us come. We waited even though it would have been so much easier not to wait. And for what?

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Maribel Rivera, Arturo Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 181-82
Explanation and Analysis:
Despite their best efforts to do things the “right” way and to safeguard themselves against any calamity, misfortune, or prejudice, the Riveras find themselves destitute and desperate, on the verge of falling out of status and becoming undocumented. Alma’s dedication to making sure that she and her family were the “right” kind of immigrants all of a sudden feels deeply futile—a fact that sends her spinning into a spiral of grief. Unable to see the point of having toed the line and stuck to the rules, Alma is plunged into a reckoning with her ideal of the American dream, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae volupt

Chapter 24: Micho Alvarez Quotes

We’re the unknown Americans, the ones no one even wants to know, because they’ve been told they’re supposed to be scared of us and because maybe if they did take the time to get to know us, they might realize that we’re not that bad, maybe even that we’re a lot like them. And who would they hate then?

Related Characters: Micho Alvarez (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 231
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, photographer and immigration reform activist Micho Alvarez coins the phrase which forms the book’s title: “unknown Americans.” Micho uses the phrase to denote the fact that while most immigrants long deeply to be Americans, they must resign themselves to the fact that prejudice, stigma, and ignorance will lead to their remaining “unknown”—they will not be able to participate in the American dream of being seen, recognized, and appreciated in the ways they perhaps thought they would. Micho criticizes a system which reviles difference, stigmatizes outsiders, and fears both change and challenge. Micho calls out the ways in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam volup

Chapter 27: Alma Quotes

I took most of the garbage bags that I had piled in the hallway out to the alley. Maribel helped me carry the mattress down to the parking lot, where we left it. Somebody else could have all of it if they wanted. I didn’t need it anymore.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Maribel Rivera, Arturo Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 276
Explanation and Analysis:
When the Riveras first arrived in Delaware, they were shocked to see discarded possessions lining the side of the road, and were even more surprised when their driver told them that everyone in America throws their things away in this manner—even things that still work. The Riveras took a television and mattress in from the street to furnish their new home, and now, as she plans to leave that home, Alma has adopted this wasteful, uniquely American practice—discarding things the no longer needs or wants so that somebody else can use them.

There she was again. The person Arturo and I had been waiting for, the reason for all of this. And as I looked at her I saw that maybe she had been here all along. Not exactly the girl she used to be before the accident, which was the girl I thought I had been searching for, but my Maribel, brave and impetuous and kind. All this time I had been buried too far under my guilt to see her. I had been preoccupied with getting us to the United States because I wanted it to make her whole again. I believed that I had lost my daughter and that if I did the right things and brought us to the right place, I could recover the girl she used to be. What I didn’t understand—what I realized now—was that if I stopped moving backwards, trying to recapture the past, there might be a future waiting for us.

Related Characters: Alma Rivera (speaker), Arturo Rivera, Maribel Rivera
Page Number and Citation: 282
Explanation and Analysis:
When Maribel, after throwing up on the side of the road as she and Alma make the long journey back towards México, asks Alma if she can cut and dye her hair once they are back home, Alma is struck with a flash of realization: her “brave and impetuous” daughter has been with her the whole time. All of Alma’s struggles to bring Maribel to the States, to improve her daughter, and to change her back into who she “was” before the accident were ultimately futile—Maribel never left her. Alma was so isolated in her grief that she was unable Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum.

Chapter 28: Arturo Rivera Quotes

Maybe it’s the instinct of every immigrant, born of necessity or longing: Someplace else will be better than here. And this condition: if only I can get to that place.

Related Characters: Arturo Rivera (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 286
Explanation and Analysis:
In Arturo’s graceful coda—the reflective ending of the novel—he ruminates on the nature of the immigrant spirit and the drives that push immigrants toward “someplace better.” He acknowledges the unique combination of longing and necessity which drove him to America, and considers whether “every immigrant” is propelled by the same kind of “instinct.” The desire to get to a new place, and to make for oneself a better life, is what Henríquez has revealed to have driven every immigrant whose story has been highlighted throughout the novel. Whether the move to America was for love, money, fame, family, or refuge, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Ve