In “The Signalman,” an unnamed narrator strikes up an acquaintanceship with a railroad signalman, whose job is to monitor trains passing through a station. Although the narrator is impressed by the signalman’s commitment to keeping people safe, the signalman feels guilty about accidents that have occurred on his watch; even though these tragedies were seemingly random, he feels somehow responsible for them. Later, when a passing train hits and kills the signalman, the narrator questions whether he himself responsible for the signalman’s death. By leaving the consequences of the characters’ actions unclear, Dickens questions the extent to which anyone can shoulder responsibility for another person’s well-being. The story seems to suggest that it’s impossible to take full responsibility for other people’s lives, and that doing so only leads to inevitable failure and guilt.
At the beginning of the story, the signalman seemingly has a clear-cut duty to keep train conductors and passengers safe. The narrator, who admits that he’s been sheltered and free of responsibility for his whole life, has a “newly-awakened interest” in the signalman’s duty to keep train passengers safe. During their first conversation, the signalman tells the narrator that his job is to monitor and direct all the trains that come through his station, which sets him up as a character with an immense responsibility to protect other people’s lives. The signalman acknowledges that “exactness and watchfulness” are required for his job, and he indeed proves himself to be extremely watchful. He sacrifices a lot to monitor the station, working long hours below ground and constantly listening for trains with “redoubled anxiety” whenever he leaves his post. As the signalman speaks to the narrator, he simultaneously displays flags and speaks to conductors, even dropping off in the middle of a sentence to do his work. The narrator is impressed by the signalman’s commitment to the job, calling him “exact and vigilant.”
But it’s not always possible for the signalman to protect people, which suggests that even the most dutiful person can’t always take full responsibility for others—and that trying to do so will inevitably lead to guilt. The signalman tells the narrator that recently, a ghost appeared near the end of the train tunnel and mysteriously warned him to “Look out.” When this happened, the signalman believed that it was his responsibility to prevent an accident. He telegraphed a warning to other stations, asking if anything was wrong, but they responded that everything was okay. Just six hours later, however, a train accident happened anyway, which the signalman was unable to prevent despite upholding his duties and following protocol. Seven months later, the ghost reappeared—and the next day, a young woman died in a train as it passed the signalman’s station. The signalman tried to get the train to stop, noticing the woman waving through the window, but he was too late to prevent her death. He must have been watching the train carefully in order to spot her, but his sense of responsibility couldn’t save her. Still, the signalman seems to blame himself (at least partially) for these two tragedies, and he feels incredibly guilty and upset about them. The signalman explains to the narrator that he can’t heed the ghost’s warnings, which continue even now: none of the workers at other stations will listen to the signalman if he asks trains to be shut down for an accident that hasn’t happened yet, and he’d be fired for the false alarm. If he’s fired, he won’t be able to help anyone. It’s an impossible situation with no clear solution—and although the narrator doesn’t believe the signalman’s ghost story, he notes that the signalman is “oppressed […] by an unintelligible responsibility.” In other words, the signalman’s responsibility to keep everyone safe is perhaps unrealistic—it leads to the signalman feeling “oppressed” by his duties, since even the ghost’s forewarnings about the accidents can’t prevent them from happening.
As the story progresses, the narrator becomes responsible for the signalman—and this switch-up of duties further complicates the question of how much responsibility any one person can take on. Having heard the signalman’s bizarre story about the ghost that seemed to foretell train accidents, the narrator assumes that the signalman is losing his mind. And because monitoring trains is important work, the narrator decides that, “for the public safety,” he has to escort the signalman to a mental institution. By making this decision, the narrator effectively assumes responsibility for the safety of the all the passengers who come through the signalman’s station. The next day, when the narrator sees a crowd at the signalman’s post, he worries that people died because he left the signalman unattended—and thus, that he failed at his self-appointed duty to keep the train passengers safe. But instead, the narrator learns that the signalman was hit and killed by a train. The narrator took on the wrong responsibility: it wasn’t the passengers who needed protection, but the signalman himself. The narrator, like the signalman, tried to take on the immense responsibility of protecting other people’s lives—but he inevitably fails and ends up feeling guilty.
The story doesn’t provide any definitive judgment about the narrator’s responsibility for the signalman’s death: although he perhaps misjudged the signalman’s mental health, there’s no clear indication that the narrator could have foreseen the accident that occurred the following day. Readers are thus left wondering whether the narrator was, however indirectly, responsible for the signalman’s death—and whether the signalman was, indirectly, responsible for the deaths that the ghost warned of. By leaving the ending ambiguous in this way, Dickens implies that it’s not always possible to determine what a person is and isn’t ethically responsible for—and that trying to do so often leads to uncertainty and guilt.
Responsibility and Guilt ThemeTracker
Responsibility and Guilt Quotes in The Signalman
The Signalman Quotes
Was it necessary for him when on duty always to remain in that channel of damp air, and could he never rise into the sunshine from between those high stone walls? Why, that depended upon times and circumstances. Under some conditions there would be less upon the Line than under others, and the same held good as to certain hours of the day and night. In bright weather, he did choose occasions for getting a little above those lower shadows; but, being at all times liable to be called by his electric bell, and at such times listening for it with redoubled anxiety, the relief was less than I would suppose.
He took me into his box, where there was a fire, a desk for an official book in which he had to make certain entries, a telegraphic instrument with its dial, face, and needles, and the little bell of which he had spoken.
He had been, when young (if I could believe it, sitting in that hut—he scarcely could), a student of natural philosophy, and had attended lectures; but he had run wild, misused his opportunities, gone down, and never risen again. He had no complaint to offer about that. He had made his bed, and he lay upon it. It was far too late to make another.
“‘One moonlight night,’ said the man, ‘I was sitting here, when I heard a voice cry, “Halloa! Below there!” I started up, looked from that door, and saw this someone else standing by the red light near the tunnel, waving as I just now showed you. The voice seemed hoarse with shouting, and it cried, “Look out! Look out!” And then again, “Halloa! Below there! Look out!” I caught up my lamp, turned it on red, and ran towards the figure, calling, “What’s wrong? What has happened? Where?”
[…]
‘I ran on into the tunnel, five hundred yards. I stopped, and held my lamp above my head, and saw the figures of the measured distance, and saw the wet stains stealing down the walls and trickling through the arch. I ran out again faster than I had run in (for I had a mortal abhorrence of the place upon me), and I looked all round the red light with my own red light, and I went up the iron ladder to the gallery atop of it, and I came down again, and ran back here. I telegraphed both ways. “An alarm has been given. Is anything wrong?” The answer came back, both ways: “All well.”’
He touched me on the arm with his forefinger twice or thrice, giving a ghastly nod each time: ‘That very day, as a train came out of the tunnel, I noticed, at a carriage window on my side, what looked like a confusion of hands and heads, and something waved. I saw it just in time to signal the driver, Stop! He shut off, and put his brake on, but the train drifted past here a hundred and fifty yards or more. I ran after it, and, as I went along, heard terrible screams and cries. A beautiful young lady had died instantaneously in one of the compartments, and was brought in here, and laid down on this floor between us.’
His pain of mind was most pitiable to see. It was the mental torture of a conscientious man, oppressed beyond endurance by an unintelligible responsibility involving life.
‘When it first stood under the Danger-light,’ he went on, putting his dark hair back from his head, and drawing his hands outward across and across his temples in an extremity of feverish distress, ‘why not tell me where that accident was to happen—if it must happen? Why not tell me how it could be averted—if it could have been averted? When on its second coming it hid its face, why not tell me, instead, “She is going to die. Let them keep her at home?” If it came, on those two occasions, only to show me that its warnings were true, and so to prepare me for the third, why not warn me plainly now? And I, Lord help me! A mere poor signalman on this solitary station! Why not go to somebody with credit to be believed, and power to act?’
When I saw him in this state, I saw that for the poor man’s sake, as well as for the public safety, what I had to do for the time was to compose his mind. Therefore, setting aside all question of reality or unreality between us, I represented to him that whoever thoroughly discharged his duty must do well, and that at least it was his comfort that he understood his duty, though he did not understand these confounding Appearances.
But what ran most in my thoughts was the consideration how ought I to act, having become the recipient of this disclosure? I had proved the man to be intelligent, vigilant, painstaking, and exact; but how long might he remain so, in his state of mind? Though in a subordinate position, still he held a most important trust, and would I (for instance) like to stake my own life on the chances of his continuing to execute it with precision?
Unable to overcome a feeling that there would be something treacherous in my communicating what he had told me to his superiors in the Company, without first being plain with himself and proposing a middle course to him, I ultimately resolved to offer to accompany him (otherwise keeping his secret for the present) to the wisest medical practitioner we could hear of in those parts, and to take his opinion.
‘Coming round the curve in the tunnel, sir,’ he said, ‘I saw him at the end, like as if I saw him down a perspective-glass. There was no time to check speed, and I knew him to be very careful. As he didn’t seem to take heed of the whistle, I shut it off when we were running down upon him, and called to him as loud as I could call.'
‘What did you say?’
‘I said, “Below there! Look out! Look out! For God’s sake, clear the way!”’
I started.
‘Ah! It was a dreadful time, sir. I never left off calling to him. I put this arm before my eyes not to see, and I waved this arm to the last; but it was no use.’
Without prolonging the narrative to dwell on any one of its curious circumstances more than on any other, I may, in closing it, point out the coincidence that the warning of the engine- driver included, not only the words which the unfortunate signalman had repeated to me as haunting him, but also the words which I myself—not he—had attached, and that only in my own mind, to the gesticulation he had imitated.



