Alias Grace
by Margaret Atwood

Female Sexuality and the Nature of Women Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Storytelling and Power Theme Icon
Female Sexuality and the Nature of Women Theme Icon
Social Class and Propriety Theme Icon
Truth, Memory, and Madness Theme Icon
Gender, Ownership, and Power Theme Icon
Justice and Religion Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Alias Grace, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Female Sexuality and the Nature of Women Theme Icon
Female Sexuality and the Nature of Women Theme Icon

A dominant question of Victorian times was whether women were, by nature, good or evil. Atwood takes up this question in the novel, arguing that this binary is not a sufficient way to understand women, just as it would be an insufficient way to understand men. Atwood takes this argument a step further by showing how society’s repression of female sexuality—and its willingness to allow, and even condone, sexual violence against women—cements this binary understanding of womanhood and negatively affects women’s self-expression by tying their worth to their sexuality.

Toward the beginning of the novel, Grace reflects on the many different characterizations of her that have appeared in print. She has been described as “an inhuman female demon,” “an innocent victim of a blackguard,” “a good girl with a pliable nature,” and “little better than an idiot,” among other things. “And I wonder,” Grace says, “how can I be all of these different things at once?” This introduces the argument Atwood will develop over the course of the novel: that to understand women categorically—as either a demon or a victim, a good girl or a bad one—robs them of their dignity and their right to have complicated identities. Atwood suggests that Grace’s confusion about how she can be “all of these different things at once” stems largely from the fact that society insists on defining her as one thing or another, rather than allowing her to be a complex individual.

Atwood expands on this theme by showing how many different characters liken women to physical objects. Mr. Kinnear tells Grace not to sit in the back of the wagon “like a piece of luggage” and the guards who regularly harass Grace when they escort her from the prison to the Governor’s house taunt her with demeaning insults such as, “you’re ripe enough to be picked, why stay on the tree untasted, you’ll just fall of and rot at the foot of it in any case.” Even women reduce other women to objects, such as when a housekeeper says of the dead Mary Whitney, “There is no sense in crying over spilt milk,” as if Mary herself, covered in blood on the bed, is the milk. Repeated images of women as objects or foodstuffs underscores Atwood’s argument that society’s insistence on defining women according to a binary ultimately leads to women being treated as less than human.

Another key component of Atwood’s argument in favor of female complexity is her description of a society that is intolerant of a woman expressing sexual desire. When Grace is explaining to Dr. Jordan why she is in the habit of always locking her bedroom door, she says, “Once you are found with a man in your room you are the guilty one, no matter how they get in.” This takes a huge toll on women, socially disempowering them and depriving them of their right to explore their sexuality, which is an important part of a person’s identity. Atwood also includes many examples of the rampant sexual violence of the Victorian era. Grace is sexually assaulted not only by prison guards, but also by medical doctors in the asylum, and she fights off McDermott when he attempts to rape her. In this, Atwood shows that violence against women as a social epidemic, fed by the concept of women as objects rather than people with their own sexual desires and boundaries.

Perhaps worst of all, Grace seems in some ways to internalize society’s attitude towards women and female sexuality, reducing herself to an object when she describes her opinion of whorehouses. She says, “I was indeed curious to see the women who made a living by selling their bodies, because I thought if worst came to worst and if starving, I would still have something to sell.” This moment exemplifies how the stifling of women’s sexuality furthers the narrative of women (and their bodies) as commodities. Atwood thus presents a powerful argument against defining women according to a binary while simultaneously depriving them the right to their own sexuality. This toxic combination can have deadly consequences, as Atwood clearly underscores in her depiction of Mary Whitney’s death due to a botched abortion.

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Female Sexuality and the Nature of Women Quotes in Alias Grace

Below you will find the important quotes in Alias Grace related to the theme of Female Sexuality and the Nature of Women.

Chapter 3 Quotes

They are like birdcages; but what is being caged in? Legs, the legs of ladies; legs penned in so they cannot get out and go rubbing up against the gentlemen’s trousers. The Governor’s wife never says legs, although the newspapers said legs when they were talking about Nancy, with her dead legs sticking out from under the washtub.

Related Characters: Grace Marks (speaker), The Governor’s Wife, Nancy Montgomery
Related Symbols: Clothing
Page Number and Citation: 22
Explanation and Analysis:
Grace is reflecting on the fact that, since she has been imprisoned, fashion trends are changed dramatically. She notes that the women who visit the Governor’s house wear wire crinolines under their dresses, rather than the horsehair crinolines that were en vogue at the time of her imprisonment. This quotation is important because it shows that Grace is thinking critically about the way that social norms around the question of women’s dress are actually a manifestation of society’s desire to repress and control female sexuality. This can be clearly seen in the fact that it is women’s legs that must Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium

All the same, Murderess is a strong word to have attached to you. It has a smell to it, that word—musky and oppressive, like dead flowers in a vase. Sometimes at night I whisper it over to myself: Murderess, Murderess. It rustles, like a taffeta skirt across the floor.

Murderer is merely brutal. It’s like a hammer, or a lump of metal. I would rather be a murderess than a murderer, if those are the only choices.

Related Characters: Grace Marks (speaker)
Related Symbols: Clothing, Flowers
Page Number and Citation: 22-23
Explanation and Analysis:
This quotation combines two important symbols in the novel. Flowers are strongly associated with death; not only are the flowers in this quotation dead ones, but they are directly linked to the word “murderess.” Additionally, Grace’s comparison of the word “murderess” to a taffeta skirt suggests that clothing is representative of identity, an idea that will become thematically central to the novel as it unfolds. This quotation is also important because it evokes the power of storytelling; because Grace has been depicted so often as a murderess, the label has “attached” itself to her, becoming a part of her identity Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo m

Chapter 13 Quotes

When I was quite young, six or seven, I put my hand on my mother’s belly, which was all round and tight, and I said What is in there, another mouth to feed, and my mother smiled sadly and said Yes I fear so, and I had a picture of an enormous mouth, on a head like the flying angel heads on the gravestones, but with teeth and all, eating away at my mother from the inside, and I began to cry because I thought it would kill her.

Related Characters: Grace Marks (speaker), Grace’s Mother
Related Symbols: Mouths
Page Number and Citation: 107
Explanation and Analysis:
In this section of the novel, Grace has begun narrating her childhood to Dr. Jordan. She has already mentioned the fact that her father consistently referred to her and her many siblings as “mouths to feed,” which explains the origin of her response to her mother’s pregnancy. This quotation establishes a subtle link between sex and violence, and it also suggests that men are fundamentally dangerous to women. If she had not had sex with her husband (who, the reader can presume, has a voracious sexual appetite given the fact that Grace’s mother has been pregnant thirteen times and lost Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit e

Chapter 16 Quotes

It would be helpful to me, if she were indeed mad, or at least a little madder than she appears to be; but thus far she has manifested a composure that a duchess might envy. I have never known any woman to be so thoroughly self-contained.

Related Characters: Dr. Simon Jordan (speaker), Grace Marks, Dr. Edward Murchie
Page Number and Citation: 132
Explanation and Analysis:
This quotation comes from a letter that Simon has written to his friend Edward, describing his progress with regard to Grace’s amnesia. Simon’s description of Grace is powerful, because it reveals the many ways in which Grace defies Simon’s expectations of her. Simon clearly expects Grace to manifest outward signs of “madness,” and the fact that she does not suggests that Simon’s understanding of madness as a visible condition might not be accurate. It also implies that madness might actually be, at least in some ways, a social construct, rather than a purely biological phenomenon. The fact that he compares Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque e

Chapter 19 Quotes

And since that time I have thought, why is it that women have chosen to sew such flags, and then to lay them on the tops of beds? For they make the bed the most noticeable thing in a room. And then I have thought, it’s for a warning. Because you may think a bed is a peaceful thing, Sir, and to you it may mean rest and comfort and a good night’s sleep. But it isn’t so for everyone; and there are many dangerous things that may take place in a bed. It is where we are born, and that is our first peril in life; and it is where the women give birth, which is often their last. And it is where the act takes place between men and women […] and some call it love, and others despair, or else merely an indignity which they must suffer through.

Related Characters: Grace Marks (speaker), Dr. Simon Jordan
Related Symbols: Quilts
Page Number and Citation: 161
Explanation and Analysis:
Apropos of a memory she has of Mary Whitney, where the two girls unpacked a set of winter quilts, Grace gives this remark about quilts. This is one of the most powerful quotations in the novel, as it clearly evokes the way that women use the tools available to them, such as quilt making, to express solidarity with other women and to warn them of the dangers posed to them by men. Atwood’s authorial voice also clearly shines through here. Grace reclaims the dominant narrative—that sex is an act of love—and shows how it can be an indignity to women Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. N

Chapter 21 Quotes

There were red smears afterwards, on his shirt, from where she’d started to undo his buttons; but it was the first time he’d ever kissed a woman, and he’d been embarrassed, and then alarmed, and hadn’t known what to do next. Probably she’d laughed at him.

Related Characters: Dr. Simon Jordan (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 187-188
Explanation and Analysis:
Simon is recalling his first kiss, which he shared with a servant in his childhood home. The maid, whose name Simon cannot remember, returned to her quarters after hulling strawberries, and found Simon rifling through her underwear. Simon says he knows the maid was angry at him, “but couldn’t express her anger, of course, as she’d wanted to keep her position, so she’d done the womanly thing, and burst into tears.” Simon embraced the maid to “console” her and the two ended up kissing. This quotation is important because it reveals the wide gap between the way Simon thinks of Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corporis. Hic tempore laborum. Nisi quia ea. Quia soluta itaque. Deleniti nisi earum. Ad tenetur laboriosam. Eum accusamus harum. Accusantium iusto voluptas. Totam quae corporis. Impedit non ut. Incidunt rerum est. Aperiam doloremque eum. Animi solut

Chapter 22 Quotes

[…] and one day they did see a bear, and Nancy ran away screaming, and climbed a tree. Sally said the bear was more frightened than Nancy was, and Nancy said it was probably a gentleman bear and it was running away from something dangerous that it had never seen before, but might have caught a glimpse of as she climbed the tree; and they laughed very much.

Related Characters: Grace Marks (speaker), Nancy Montgomery
Page Number and Citation: 200-201
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quotation Grace is at the house where she was employed before transferring to Mr. Kinnear’s house. Nancy has come to visit her old school friend Sally (now the cook at the house where Grace works) and the two women are laughing over the time that they encountered a bear on their way to school. Nancy seems to be alluding to the fact that the bear saw up her skirt as she was climbing the tree, which suggests that the “something dangerous” that this “gentleman” bear had never before encountered is Nancy’s undergarments—perhaps even her genitalia. The fact that Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Moles

Chapter 27 Quotes

But is it red where it most counts, says the other, a fire in a treetop is no use at all, it must be in a fireplace to cast enough heat, in a little cookstove, you know why God made women with skirts, it’s so they can be pulled up over their heads and tied at the top, that way you don’t get so much noise out of them, I hate a screeching slut, women should be born without mouths on them, the only thing of use in them is below the waist.

Related Characters: Grace Marks (speaker), The Guards
Related Symbols: Clothing, Mouths
Page Number and Citation: 240
Explanation and Analysis:
In this quotation Grace is remembering some of the atrocious things that the guards said to her as they escorted her to the Governor’s house that day. The guard who makes this comment reveals how brutally he objectifies Grace; he asks whether her pubic hair is red like the hair on her head, because the only part of Grace that interests him is the fact that she has the physical potential to pleasure him sexually. The fact that he says a woman’s skirts should be pulled over her head to keep her from protesting when a man rapes her reinforces Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore.

Chapter 37 Quotes

But he’ll pry it out of her yet. He’s got the hook in her mouth, but can he pull her out? Up, out of the abyss, up to the light. Out of the deep blue sea.

He wonders why he’s thinking in such drastic terms. He means her well, he tells himself. He thinks of it as a rescue, surely he does.

But does she? If she has anything to hide, she may want to stay in the water, in the dark, in her element. She may be afraid she won’t be able to breathe, otherwise.

Related Characters: Dr. Simon Jordan (speaker), Grace Marks
Page Number and Citation: 322
Explanation and Analysis:
Grace has just finished narrating the murder of Mr. Kinnear by James McDermott, but Simon feels dissatisfied, because Grace has refused to definitively reveal “knowledge of guilt, or else of innocence.” This quotation is important for several reasons. The first is that Simon’s insistence that he means well toward Grace and that he wants to “rescue” her suggests that this might not actually be the reason he is interviewing her. The fact that Simon wants to “pry” the truth out of Grace and that he imagines himself as hooking her like a fish suggests that he actually wants to conquer, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rer

Chapter 44 Quotes

During the day, Rachel is a burden, an encumbrance, and he wishes to be rid of her; but at night she’s an altogether different person, and so is he. He too says no when he means yes. He means more, he means further, he means deeper. He would like to make an incision in her—just a small one—so he can taste her blood, which in the shadowy darkness of the bedroom seems to him like a normal wish to have.

Related Characters: Dr. Simon Jordan (speaker), Mrs. Rachel Humphrey
Page Number and Citation: 365-366
Explanation and Analysis:
Simon is reflecting on his affair with his landlady. The unsettling violence of this quotation is important on two distinct levels. Firstly, Simon’s desire to cut Rachel open suggests, yet again, his unshakeable desire to be physically dominant over women. Secondly, and perhaps even more significantly, Simon’s desire to taste Rachel’s blood implies that there is something about this blood that might enhance Simon’s feeling of power. Partially, this seems due to the fact that not only cutting Rachel but then also imbibing her blood would be a way for Simon to further his power over her. However, there also Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dign

Chapter 48 Quotes

“You killed her,” breathes Lydia. “I always thought so.” She sounds, if anything, admiring.

“The kerchief killed her. Hands held it,” says the voice. “She had to die. The wages of sin is death. And this time the gentleman died as well, for once. Share and share alike!”

Related Characters: Mary Whitney (speaker), Miss Lydia (speaker), Grace Marks (speaker), Mr. Thomas Kinnear, Nancy Montgomery, Dr. Simon Jordan
Related Symbols: Clothing
Page Number and Citation: 401
Explanation and Analysis:
This quotation appears during Grace’s hypnosis. The voice that is speaking from Grace’s body is about to reveal that it belongs not to Grace herself, but to Mary Whitney. Many elements of this quotation are significant. The first is Lydia’s admiration of Mary’s admission that she strangled Nancy to death. Because Simon is narrating this scene, it is difficult to know exactly what to make of Lydia’s reaction, but it seems that she is moved by the knowledge that a woman of her own age was capable of such violence—which, when it comes down to it, is fundamentally an act Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate labore corp