Moneyball
by Michael Lewis
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Themes and Colors
Statistics and Rationality Theme Icon
Bias Theme Icon
Psychology and Talent Theme Icon
Money and Value Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Moneyball, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Bias Theme Icon
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When Paul DePodesta and Billy Beane apply statistics to the practice of acquiring professional baseball players, they’re greeted with widespread derision from baseball fans and from other general managers. Paul and Billy’s goal is simple: to win as many games for the Oakland A’s as possible by assembling the most valuable players at a cost they can afford. That they face so much criticism for trying to win games in the most rational, logical way suggests that the world of baseball is fundamentally irrational: coaches, players, and fans have many different forms of bias that interfere with winning games. By discussing some of these forms of bias, Michael Lewis paints an insightful picture of 21st century baseball and, more broadly, of the way that inherited “wisdom” can in fact lead to bias against change or progress.

Perhaps the single most important form of bias that Moneyball discusses is the bias toward the particular and away from the general. Put another way, coaches, scouts, and fans tend to prefer a glamorous but inconsistent player—someone who’s alternately great and terrible—to a consistently good player, even if the latter player scores more runs overall. Moneyball dramatizes this form of bias through the career of Billy Beane, a once-promising baseball player who burned out after being drafted to play professionally with the Mets. One reason for baseball’s strong bias toward the particular is the scouting system. Talent scouts for professional baseball teams travel the country and watch thousands of different high school and college games. As a result, they’re forced to make huge generalizations about players’ talents after watching them for a relatively short time, which requires them to ignore some important evidence in the process. In high school, Billy Beane was one of the most promising ballplayers in the country. However, talent scouts from professional teams failed to notice when his batting average dropped dramatically in his senior year. Based on a small handful of his games, they’d already decided that he was major-league material, and therefore they ignored his overall record. The bias in favor of the particular also harms the way that coaches deal with ballplayers. During Billy Beane’s time with the Mets, for instance, his coaches didn’t do a good job of preparing him for the psychological rigors of professional sports. Instead, Billy’s coaches focused excessively on Beane’s performance in specific parts of the game and pressured him to make big, aggressive plays. Unable to cope with the constant stress of playing ball, Billy left the major leagues and, eventually became a general manager – the person who assembles the personnel of the baseball team, overseeing the hiring of an on-field manager and the acquisition of players. As the general manager of the Oakland A’s, Billy used statistics to get a good overall sense for a player’s abilities, effectively treating ballplayers in the opposite of the way that he was treated. As a result, Billy favored reliable players who wouldn’t crack under pressure over talented but inconsistent and undisciplined players like him.

As Billy’s experiences as a player suggest, the game of baseball also has a strong bias toward charisma and glamor, which often mars the overall quality of the game. In particular, baseball coaches, players, and fans have a strong bias against ballplayers who are overweight, hairy, and generally not conventionally athletic-seeming. One of the primary reasons that Billy elicits so much criticism for his 2002 draft picks is that few of his chosen athletes look like pro athletes—they have the stats for success, but not the physiques. The bias toward charisma and glamor also manifests in the way coaches train athletes to play. Indeed, coaches from some non-Oakland teams tell their athletes to swing at balls in the strike zone, avoid walks, and steal bases—in other words, actions that look cool, but also limit some less-glamorous outcomes – such as earning walks – that can boost the team’s chances of winning the game.

As strange as it sounds, Moneyball shows that baseball professionals and fans aren’t always most interested in seeing athletes win games. Sometimes, due to different sources of bias, they’d rather see ballplayers take risks and make big, aggressive plays that don’t always pay off. One could even argue—and many people have—that, by eliminating traditional sources of bias from baseball, Billy Beane and Paul DePodesta made the sport duller and less interesting. However, as Moneyball shows, Billy and Paul didn’t just change the way baseball was played: by eliminating the strong bias toward charisma, glamor, risk, and the particular, they helped world-class baseball players achieve the success that had previously alluded them. Many of the ballplayers who found success with the Oakland A’s had previously seen their talents ignored or even belittled—under Billy’s leadership, they finally got the success they deserved.

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Bias Quotes in Moneyball

Below you will find the important quotes in Moneyball related to the theme of Bias.

Chapter 1 Quotes

When things did not go well for Billy on the playing field, a wall came down between him and his talent, and he didn’t know any other way to get through the wall than to try to smash a hole in it. It wasn't merely that he didn’t like to fail; it was as if he didn’t know how to fail.
The scouts never considered this. By the end of Billy’s senior year the only question they had about Billy was: Can I get him?

Related Characters: Billy Beane
Page Number and Citation: 9
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Lewis discusses the early baseball career of Billy Beane, a once-talented athlete who, after being drafted by the Mets, floundered in the minor leagues and never lived up to his potential. As a high school player, Billy wowed professional talent scouts: they thought he was a sure-fire major-leaguer. However, beneath his impressive plays and charisma, Billy was insecure and couldn’t cope with failure, no matter how small. When he made a mistake, he’d allow his failure to tarnish the rest of his game, instead of moving past the mistake as the best athletes do. One of Lewis’s Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt.

Chapter 2 Quotes

There was, for starters, the tendency of everyone who actually played the game to generalize wildly from his own experience. People always thought their own experience was typical when it wasn't. There was also a tendency to be overly influenced by a guy's most recent performance: what he did last was not necessarily what he would do next. Thirdly—but not lastly—there was the bias toward what people saw with their own eyes, or thought they had seen. The human mind played tricks on itself when it relied exclusively on what it saw, and every trick it played was a financial opportunity for someone who saw through the illusion to the reality. There was a lot you couldn't see when you watched a baseball game.

Related Characters: Paul DePodesta
Page Number and Citation: 18
Explanation and Analysis:
In this chapter, we’re introduced to Paul DePodesta, the man who used a sabermetric player acquisition strategy for the Oakland A’s during their 2002 season, rather than listening to the advice of talent scouts. DePodesta came from a sports background, but he’d also studied economics, and he realized that, by studying an athlete’s overall record of play, general managers could identify players for their holistic talent and get a good idea of how they’d perform in major league games. Before 2002, the Oakland A’s had sometimes used a limited sabermetric approach to player acquisition, but this approach had always been Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aper

Chapter 5 Quotes

Jeremy Brown, owner of the University of Alabama offensive record books as a catcher, had been so perfectly conditioned by the conventional scouting wisdom that he refused to believe that any major league baseball team could think highly of him.

Related Characters: Jeremy Brown
Page Number and Citation: 102
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, we’re introduced to one of the most unlikely players on the Oakland A’s: Jeremy Brown. Jeremy isn’t a very impressive player, at least not traditionally speaking. He’s overweight, slow, and generally incapable of wowing the talent scouts. However, Paul DePodesta uses sabermetrics to prove that Jerry is actually one of the most impressive players in baseball—he just doesn’t fit with the traditional profile of how a great player looks and acts. Most surprisingly, Jeremy has been surrounded by traditionally-minded scouts for so long that he doesn’t even think of himself as a great player, even though he Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut is

A revaluation in the stock market has consequences for companies and for money managers. The pieces of paper don't particularly care what you think of their intrinsic value. A revaluation in the market for baseball players resonates in the lives of young men. It was as if a signal had radiated out from the Oakland A’s draft room and sought, laserlike, those guys who for their whole career had seen their accomplishments understood with an asterisk. The footnote at the bottom of the page said, "He’ll never go anywhere because he doesn't look like a big league ballplayer."

Page Number and Citation: 117
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Michael Lewis gives an overall evaluation of the sabermetric revolution in baseball management that occurred in the early 2000s. Thanks to the policies of Paul DePodesta and the success of the Oakland A’s in the 2002 season, other sports franchises gradually realized that they, too, should be using sabermetrics to evaluate players’ abilities, rather than relying on the testimony of experienced but ultimately unreliable talent scouts who based their decisions on superficial factors (such as appearance, or performance in a small handful of games). It’s no coincidence that many of the players drafted by the A’s in Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo

Chapter 6 Quotes

Volcker was also the only commissioner with a financial background. To the growing annoyance of the others, he kept asking two provocative questions:
1. If poor teams were in such dire financial condition, why did rich guys keep paying higher prices to buy them?
2. If poor teams had no hope, how did the Oakland As, with the second lowest payroll in all of baseball, win so many games?

Related Characters: Paul Volcker
Page Number and Citation: 121
Explanation and Analysis:
In the 1990s, the Major League Baseball organization set up a commission whose purpose was to study the economic inequalities in the sport. One of the people appointed to the commission was the former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Paul Volcker. Volcker recognized that, as most everybody knew, Major League Baseball was wildly unfair. The biggest, richest teams had the budget to afford the best players, and, as a result, they made more money and got bigger in the long run. However, Volcker also recognized that some small, underfunded teams, such as the Oakland A’s, did very well in spite Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi

Chapter 8 Quotes

By late l996 he was in the big leagues for good. Once he arrived however, he faced another challenge: the idiocy of the Boston Red Sox. His cultivated approach to hitting—his thoughtfulness, his patience, his need for his decisions to be informed rather than reckless—was regarded by the Boston Red Sox as a deficiency. The Red Sox encouraged their players' mystical streaks. They brought into the clubhouse a parade of shrinks and motivational speakers to teach the players to harness their aggression. Be men!

Related Characters: Scott Hatteberg
Page Number and Citation: 171
Explanation and Analysis:
In Chapter Eight, we learn about Scott Hatteberg’s career in the big leagues; at the same time, we learn a lot about the incompetence of traditional baseball coaching. During Scott Hatteberg’s time playing ball for the Red Sox, for instance, he’s told to swing at more pitches, even though doing so drastically weakens his performance and hurts the team overall. Scott’s greatest asset as a hitter is his caution: he doesn’t swing at the first pitch, and, as a result, he almost always hits the ball or gets a walk. However, the Red Sox coaches think that walks are for Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Volup

Chapter 10 Quotes

The White Sox GM … told Chad that his pitches weren’t moving like they used to move. He was sending Chad down to Triple-A. Chad didn’t have the nerve to say what he thought but he thought it all the same: My ball doesn't move? But all I have is movement! When he got to Triple-A, a coach assured him that his ball moved as it always had, and that the GM just needed something to tell him other than the truth, that the White Sox front office viewed him as a "Triple-A guy."

Related Characters: Chad Bradford
Page Number and Citation: 233-234
Explanation and Analysis:
In Chapter Ten, we meet Chad Bradford, yet another unlikely player for the Oakland A’s. Bradford has never been a fan-favorite during his games—he simply doesn’t look the part of an athlete. Indeed, during Bradford’s time with the Chicago White Sox, he was transferred out of the big-league team, in spite of his excellent record as a pitcher, and told that he was better suited for the Triple-A team (the best minor league team). Lewis strongly suggests that Chad is sent back to the minor leagues because he doesn’t look the part of a professional athlete, not because he’s a Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus temp

At length, he penned an article revealing his findings for baseballprospectus.com. Its conclusion: "There is little if any difference among major league pitchers in their ability to prevent hits on balls hit into the field of play.”

Related Characters: Voros McCracken
Page Number and Citation: 239
Explanation and Analysis:
As late as the 1990s, sabermetrics-savvy sports fans are making incredible discoveries about the game. One of these fans, a man named Voros McCracken, publishes an article in which he argues, in the face of a hundred years of baseball consensus, that there’s no such thing as a pitcher who’s especially good at preventing hits when he pitches into the field of play (i.e, out of the strike zone, over the plate). For decades, coaches and fans believed that a good pitcher was one who could pitch over the plate so quickly and accurately that hitters would be unable to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos.

Chapter 11 Quotes

This was the character whose behavior was consistent with the way he said he wanted to run his baseball team: rationally. Scientifically. This was the "objective" Billy Beane, the general manager who was certain that "you don't change guys; they are who they are." Who will describe his job as "a soap box derby. You build the car in the beginning of the year and after that all you do is push it down the hill." To this Billy Beane's way of thinking there was no point in meddling with the science experiment … But there is another, less objective Billy Beane … And he allows me to see that the science experiment is messier than the chief scientist usually is willing to admit.

Related Characters: Billy Beane (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 249
Explanation and Analysis:
In Chapter Eleven, Billy Beane faces one of the most stressful games of his career as general manager of the Oakland A’s. If the A’s win this game, they’ll set an all-time league record for most consecutive wins. As Lewis sees it, Billy’s attitude on the night of the game exemplifies some of the contradictions in his character. On one hand, he likes to say that he’s very logical and rational about baseball: he makes smart, economic decisions instead of letting his emotions get the better of him. On the other hand, Billy is obviously an emotional guy: he becomes Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in.

Chapter 12 Quotes

Coaches, players, reporters: everyone at once starts to worry that the Oakland A’s don't bunt or run. Especially run. Billy Beane's total lack of interest in the stolen base—which has served the team so well for the previous 162 games—is regarded, in the postseason, as sheer folly. Even people who don't run very fast start saying that "you need to make things happen" in the postseason. Take the action to your opponent. "The atavistic need to run," Billy Beane calls it.

Related Characters: Billy Beane (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 269-270
Explanation and Analysis:
After the A’s win a record number of games in the 2002 season, their success should speak for itself. However, instead of drawing the obvious conclusion—that the A’s sabermetric strategies are revolutionizing the game of baseball—other baseball insiders’ first reaction is to question the A’s strategy and suggest that the A’s won so many games because they were lucky. Right away, it should be obvious that the A’s didn’t win because of luck. Teams may win individual games because they’re lucky, but they don’t win twenty consecutive games due to sheer random chance. Nevertheless, it’s easier for coaches, players, and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis.

"I made one decision based on money in my life—when I signed with the Mets rather than go to Stanford—and I promised I'd never do it again." After that, Billy confined himself to the usual blather about personal reasons. None of what he said was terribly rational or "objective"—but then, neither was he. Within a week, he was back to scheming how to get the Oakland A’s back to the playoffs, and Paul DePodesta was back to being on his side.

Related Characters: Billy Beane (speaker), Paul DePodesta
Related Symbols: The 2002 Playoffs
Page Number and Citation: 280
Explanation and Analysis:
At the end of the book, Billy gets a shot at an incredible contract with the Boston Red Sox: he has the opportunity to manage the team for more than twelve million dollars over the course of five years, a record for professional baseball. At first, Billy is excited about the prospect being a highly paid general manager for the Red Sox, but in the end, he chooses to remain on as the general manager of the Oakland A’s. Billy’s explanation for his surprising decision is tantalizingly vague. He claims that he didn’t want to make a decision purely for Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum

Epilogue Quotes

Everybody's laughing at him again. But their laughter has a different tone. It's not the sniggering laughter of the people who made fun of his body. It's something else. He looks out into the gap in left center field. The outfielders are just standing there: they've stopped chasing the ball. The ball's gone. The triple of Jeremy Brown's imagination, in reality, is a home run.

Related Characters: Jeremy Brown
Page Number and Citation: 286
Explanation and Analysis:
In the epilogue of the book, Michael Lewis describes one incredible play by Jeremy Brown. In the game, Brown hits the ball hard into the crowd, but he assumes it’s going to bounce back into the field. In the meantime, he hustles to first base and slips. Embarrassed, Jeremy gets up and realizes that, contrary to what he expected, he’s just hit a home run. In many ways, the passage is symbolic of the Oakland A’s new approach to baseball. Jeremy Brown isn’t the most graceful ballplayer in the league—he slips in the dirt, after all. But Jeremy is, without Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque