Farewell My Concubine

by Lilian Lee

Loyalty and Sacrifice Theme Analysis

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Identity and Belonging Theme Icon
Loyalty and Sacrifice Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Farewell My Concubine, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Loyalty and Sacrifice Theme Icon
Loyalty and Sacrifice Theme Icon

The theme of loyalty features heavily in Lilian Lee’s Farewell My Concubine. There is personal loyalty, such as that shared by Cheng Dieyi and Duan Xiaolou, and by Xiaolou and Juxian; and there is political loyalty, such as that demonstrated by Xiao Si toward the Party. The novel demonstrates how different loyalties are often at odds with one another. For example, even in the face of overt ridicule, Xiao Si is loyal to Dieyi only until his loyalty to the Communist party prevails, and he denounces Dieyi and even calls for his death. Another telling example is when Dieyi and Xiaolou are forced to participate in a “criticism” of one another during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Despite having grown up together and calling each other “brother,” fear and political pressure push them to betray one another before the Red Guards. Yet rather than simply demonstrate competing loyalties, Dieyi and Xiaolou’s mutual betrayal speaks to the meaning of loyalty more broadly. It demonstrates how true loyalty requires a willingness to sacrifice oneself for what one loves, an ideal embodied first and foremost by Yu Ji, the fictional heroine of the opera. In this light, the only truly loyal character in the novel is Juxian. For, unlike Dieyi, Juxian is willing to “die for love,” and her tragic death by suicide proves it.

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Loyalty and Sacrifice ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Loyalty and Sacrifice appears in each chapter of Farewell My Concubine. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Loyalty and Sacrifice Quotes in Farewell My Concubine

Below you will find the important quotes in Farewell My Concubine related to the theme of Loyalty and Sacrifice.

Chapter 1 Quotes

As the children started to crawl quietly out of bed, Master Guan was seized by cold terror when he thought of Xiao Laizi’s suicide and all the beatings he had given him. He recalled as well as the many beatings he had received as a child, innocent of any wrongdoing but still held accountable, judged. His teachers had treated him and his classmates even more harshly than he treated his own students—it was to toughen them up for their demanding careers.

Related Characters: Master Guan, Xiao Laizi, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi
Page Number and Citation: 37
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 6 Quotes

Then [Xiao Si] spotted the sword hanging on the wall. Following his gaze, the others saw it, too. It ought to be worth something. Juxian and Dieyi both looked at Xiaolou.

“We can’t sell that!” Xiaolou said emphatically.

Dieyi sighed with relief, but Juxian’s eyes flashed angrily. She wanted nothing more than to cast that old relic into the depths of hell.

Related Characters: Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou (speaker), Xiao Si, Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Juxian
Related Symbols: The Sword
Page Number and Citation: 163
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 7 Quotes

“‘Loyalty’ means an unwavering devotion to a person or a cause. Loyalty cannot be distracted by any hardship, no matter how extreme.”

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Chairman Mao, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 174
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

He had failed where his heroine Yu Ji had succeeded. Life in the opera was more fulfilling, indeed. All one had to do was sing, up to the glorious finale; and the curtain always fells, right on cue. Onstage, Yu Ji was able to tell her lover that just as a virtuous minister does not serve two princes, so a virtuous woman cannot marry twice.; then she asks for her sword so that she can ender her life in his presence. This was her way of demonstrating her love for him., and her acceptance of his boundless love for her. But in real life, Dieyi’s love was unrequited.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou, Juxian
Page Number and Citation: 221
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

Dieyi returned to his senses. The glittering tragedy was over. It had all been fake. He would not die for love.

Related Characters: Cheng Dieyi/Xiao Douzi, Duan Xiaolou/Xiao Shitou
Page Number and Citation: 254
Explanation and Analysis: