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Foreword
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Twilight of the Idols, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
History and the Decline of Civilization
The Will to Power
The Ideal vs. The Real
Christianity and the “Revaluation of All Values”
Summary
Analysis
“Maxims and Arrows” is a series of 44 numbered maxims (short phrases that express a principle or general truth) that relate to the central themes Nietzsche will explore in his work. This guide includes a selection of these maxims, all of which drive at Nietzsche’s core themes. Maxim #1 describes idleness as the “beginning of psychology” and claims that psychology is a “vice.” In Maxim #6, Nietzsche asks if being “natural” helps people transcend their “unnaturalness.”
This guide only contains a selection of the maxims Nietzsche puts forth in Twilight of the Idols, since most of them serve the same purpose: to reinforce (with style, wit, and humor) the book’s main themes. One thing to note in this section is that its distinct style and use of figurative language is characteristic of Nietzsche's philosophical writing—he frequently uses maxims (also called aphorisms) in his writing. Finally, key ideas that Nietzsche gestures toward in this section include the notion of a binary between the “natural” and the “unnatural[],”and a disdain for psychology.
Themes
Maxim #8 reads, “What does not kill me makes me stronger.” Maxim #9 states that if a person helps themself, then others will help them, too. In Maxim #10, Nietzsche urges people to stand behind their actions and have no remorse. Maxim #15 argues that people understand “timely men” but misunderstand “posthumous men” like Nietzsche. In Maxim #18, Nietzsche argues that a person who chooses “virtue and the heaving bosom” shouldn’t be jealous of those who “live for the day.”
The reader may recognize the gist of Maxim #8, “What does not kill me makes me stronger,” whose basic message has entered into the mainstream culture. The gist of this maxim is that human suffering can be a positive, restorative experience—it can make a person wise and resilient. Throughout the book, Nietzsche will argue that pain and suffering are valuable and necessary aspects of the human experience—and that to reject or eliminate suffering is to devalue and misunderstand the meaning of life. When in Maxim #10 Nietzsche calls on people to defend their actions, he's arguing another of the book’s central points: that we should affirm and embrace human instinct—not condemn it as sinful. Maxim #15 proposes a binary of “timely men” and “posthumous” men. Nietzsche examines this binary greater detail in a later section of the book, “Expeditions of an Untimely Man.”
Themes
In Maxim #22, Nietzsche wonders how, if “‘bad men have no songs,” the Russians have songs. Maxim #23 boldly declares the concept of a “‘German spirit” to be a contradiction. Maxim #24 argues that historians who look to the past too often will start to think backward, too. In Maxim #29, Nietzsche claims that the conscience used to have so much “to bite on,” but now it no longer has “good teeth.”
Themes
“When it is trodden on a worm will curl up,” Nietzsche states in Maxim #31. He continues, explaining that this curled-up worm is what humans call “humility.” Maxim #32 states that people who hate lies think they’re being honorable. These same people hate cowardice, too. Ironically, though, they’re too cowardly to lie. Maxim #36 claims that “Immoralists” like Nietzsche don’t threaten virtue any more than “anarchists do princes.” Being shot at only makes princes hold more tightly to their power, so we should all “shoot at morals.” Maxim #39 argues that only “disappointed” people complain. Maxim #44, the final one, reads as follows: “Formula of my happiness: a Yes, a No, a straight line, a goal…”
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