Indian Horse
by Richard Wagamese
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Themes and Colors
Family and Tradition Theme Icon
Cultural Genocide Theme Icon
Abuse and Trauma Theme Icon
Racism and Prejudice Theme Icon
Transcendence Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Indian Horse, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Abuse and Trauma Theme Icon
Abuse and Trauma Theme Icon

Toward the end of Indian Horse, Saul Indian Horse remembers some information that he’s been repressing for many years. As a child, his beloved mentor at St. Jerome’s, Father Gaston Leboutilier, sexually abused him. Saul’s shocking realization cements trauma as one of the key themes of the book. Wagamese shows how trauma, particularly when it’s caused by abuse, as it is in Saul’s case, can be a crippling burden for its victims.

It’s crucial to understand why Wagamese presents Saul’s abuse years after the fact, instead of portraying it in the present tense. To begin with, his decision to do so emphasizes the psychological realism of the novel. In many cases, victims of sexual abuse, particularly if the abuse began when the victims were small children, repress or forget about it for many years as a defense mechanism. Such a response is especially common when the abuser is a person the victim had a close relationship with. Father Leboutilier’s apparent kindness toward Saul seems to have caused Saul a great deal of confusion and doubt, leading him to bury the memories of abuse altogether. But Wagamese focuses on Saul’s recollection of traumatic abuse for another reason: in doing so, he wants to emphasize the point that the aftermath of abuse can be as painful (and in some ways more painful) than the experience of abuse itself. Over the years, Saul seems to repress all memory of Father Leboutilier’s contemptible behavior. And yet, like many abuse victims, he becomes depressed and frustrated. He cuts himself off from other people—in part because of the racism he experiences among white Canadians, but also in part, it’s implied, because he believes that other people wouldn’t understand what he’s been through. Again, Saul’s behavior is consistent with that of victims of sexual abuse in many cases. Because of the horrific crime that Father Leboutilier committed, Saul goes through years of loneliness, isolation, and self-loathing.

Indian Horse comes to a cautiously optimistic conclusion about trauma and abuse. It’s possible for abuse survivors to lessen their burden by finding the courage to talk about their experiences. Years after his time at St. Jerome’s, Saul comes to stay with his two adopted parents, Fred Kelly and Martha Kelly, both of whom went to St. Jerome’s as children. Saul finds the courage to tell Fred and Martha about his abuse, and Fred and Martha admit to him that they experienced similar abuses at school. It’s unfair that Saul should have been put in a position where he has to summon the strength just to talk about his feelings. Nevertheless, the experience of doing so undeniably proves helpful to him—since, instead of burying his pain as he’s done for years, he communicates it to other people, thereby lessening his burden. Wagamese is not saying that talking cures Saul of his trauma. Rather, Wagamese suggests that healing from trauma is an ongoing process, with no definite endpoint. Saul will continue struggling with Father Leboutilier’s abuse, but the support of his friends and loved ones means that he stands a better chance of living a happy life.

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Abuse and Trauma Quotes in Indian Horse

Below you will find the important quotes in Indian Horse related to the theme of Abuse and Trauma.

Chapter 21 Quotes

Sometimes three or four boys would be visited like that. Sometimes only one. Other times boys would be led from the dorms. Where they went and what happened to them was never spoken of. In the daylight we would look at each other blankly, so that we would not cause any further shame. It was the same for the girls.
"God's love," Angelique Lynx Leg whispered one day.

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Angelique Lynx Leg (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 81-82
Explanation and Analysis:
In this disturbing passage, Saul describes the sexual abuse that his classmates endure at St. Jerome’s. The teachers have total power over their students (who are hundreds of miles away from their parents, after all). Therefore, they can abuse and rape the children without any fear of reprisal. Disgustingly, it’s likely that the crimes Saul describes in this passage weren’t uncommon at Indigenous schools for most of the 20th century: the schools were magnets for pedophiles, who could abuse young children under the guise of being good, righteous Christians. (Hence Angelique’s heartbreaking claim, which an abusive priest has surely told Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Exp

Chapter 22 Quotes

"Hockey is like the universe, Saul," he said one day. "When you stand in the dark and look up at it, you see the placid fire of stars. But if we were right in the heart of it, we'd see chaos. Comets churning by. Meteorites. Star explosions. Things being born, things dying. Chaos, Saul. But that chaos is organized. It's harnessed. It's controlled.

Related Characters: Father Gaston Leboutilier (speaker), Saul Indian Horse
Related Symbols: Hockey
Page Number and Citation: 84
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Father Gaston Leboutilier, Saul’s teacher and hockey coach at St. Jerome’s, tells Saul about why he loves the sport of hockey. Hockey, he claims, is like life itself: it may seem chaotic and destructive at first, but there’s a method to the madness. If one hangs back and studies the sport for a while, it’s possible to develop the talent and flexibility to succeed on the ice. This isn’t the only passage in the book in which hockey is analogized to life. As the book goes on, indeed, hockey becomes a microcosm for Saul’s life: the racism Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occae

Chapter 24 Quotes

I looked around at all those adult faces, lingering on Father Leboutilier's. I'd never been offered choice before.
'All right," I said. "I'll go."

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Father Gaston Leboutilier
Related Symbols: Hockey
Page Number and Citation: 97
Explanation and Analysis:
In this crucial scene, Saul Indian Horse is offered a choice: he can either remain at St. Jerome’s, or he can leave and live with a mysterious man named Fred Kelly, who coaches a hockey team far away. This is one of the first major choices Saul has been offered in his entire life, since at St. Jerome’s, the teachers control every aspect of his existence, and in his own family, his parents or grandmother called the shots. The fact that Saul says “Yes” to Kelly’s offer speaks volumes about his experience at St. Jerome’s. Even though Saul has never Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi

Chapter 36 Quotes

"My dad never talks about the school," he said. "Mom neither. And they don't say anything about what happened before that. Maybe someone just gave you a chance to rub the shit off the board once and for all."

Related Characters: Virgil (speaker)
Related Symbols: Hockey
Page Number and Citation: 157
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Saul has accepted an offer to train with a professional hockey team, with the goal of eventually playing in the NHL (the National Hockey League of Canada). Saul says a quick but emotional goodbye to his adopted brother Virgil Kelly. Virgil has always been able to tell that Saul is harboring some dark secrets, but he’s always had the restraint and respect to refrain from prying. Here, however, Virgil alludes to the fact that Saul has experienced some horrific things at St. Jerome’s. Virgil seems to know about this because of his own parents’ experience—they both attended Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam

Chapter 41 Quotes

I punched him in the head with everything I had, and he crumpled onto the floorboards. I turned to face the rest of them. I was frigid blackness inside, like water under a berg. I wanted another one to stand, wanted another one to swing at me, invite me to erupt. But they stayed seated, and nobody spoke as I walked slowly over to the table and picked up Jorgenson's discarded hand of cards. I studied the cards, then smirked and tossed the hand back on the table.
"Game over," I said. They never bothered me again.

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Jorgenson
Page Number and Citation: 175
Explanation and Analysis:
By this point in the novel, Saul has given up on becoming a professional hockey player. Instead, he works a series of menial jobs that he seems to have chosen in order to place as much distance between himself and the rest of society as possible. But even when he’s working these menial jobs, Saul is forced to put up with his coworkers’ racism. Instead of ignoring his bullies, or moving past them, he fights back, on one occasion beating up a large, bullying white man named Jorgenson. Saul is able to intimidate his coworkers into leaving him alone—seemingly a Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Volupt

Chapter 44 Quotes

I was an alchemist, mixing solutions I packed in my lunch kit to assuage the strychnine feel of rot in my guts. It was a dim world. Things glimmered, never shone.

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 181
Explanation and Analysis:
As the book reaches an end, the pace becomes faster. Saul describes how he spends his twenties: drinking, working simple, low-paying jobs, and getting into fights. His life isn’t exactly miserable, but it’s never particularly happy. As Saul puts it, the world glitters but never shines. It’s worth thinking more closely about what Saul means by using this figurative language. In one sense, he’s saying that the happiness he finds in life is always short-lived or not particularly strong—as fleeting as a dim, glimmering light. While he is living with the Kelly family, by contrast, Saul’s life has shone with Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea

Chapter 49 Quotes

He'd told me I could play when I was big enough. I loved the idea so much that I kept quiet. I loved the idea of being loved so much that I did what he asked. When I found myself liking it, I felt dirty, repulsive, sick. The secret morning practices that moved me closer to the game also moved me further away from the horror. I used the game to shelter me from seeing the truth, from having to face it every day. Later, after I was gone, the game kept me from remembering. As long as I could escape into it, I could fly away. Fly away and never have to land on the scorched earth of my boyhood.

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Father Gaston Leboutilier
Related Symbols: Hockey
Page Number and Citation: 199
Explanation and Analysis:
In this shocking passage, Saul reveals the truth about Father Gaston Leboutilier. Leboutilier was never a true friend to Saul: although he pretended to be kind to Saul, he was really abusing Saul. Furthermore, Leboutilier only treated Saul well in order to ensure that Saul would keep quiet about being raped. The passage does a masterful job of conveying the guilt, confusion, and resentment that victims of sexual abuse often feel. Saul feels guilty for enjoying parts of his abuse, an all-too common experience among abuse victims. Second, Saul suggests that he has repressed the memory of being abused by Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut.

Chapter 52 Quotes

"Did they rape everyone?" I asked.
There was a long silence. In the distance I could hear the sounds of the mill and a train. I waited and they both looked at the floor.
"It doesn't have to be sexual to be rape, Saul," Martha said.
"When they invade your spirit, it's rape too," Fred said.

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Fred Kelly (speaker), Martha Kelly (speaker)
Page Number and Citation: 210
Explanation and Analysis:
In this passage, Saul discusses his sexual abuse with Fred Kelly and Martha Kelly. Saul has never spoken about his abuse with anyone lese—indeed, he says that he didn’t realize he’d been abused until very recently (a common experience among people who were abused as children). However, Saul feels comfortable talking about his traumas with Fred and Kelly, both of whom were abused during their own time at St. Jerome’s. It’s therapeutic for Saul to discuss his abuse with calm, understanding people who know what he’s been through. In the past, Saul has repressed all memory of his rape, but Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Mol

"They scooped out our insides, Saul. We're not responsible for that. We're not responsible for what happened to us. None of us are." Fred said. "But our healing-that's up to us. That's what saved me. Knowing it was my game."
"Could be a long game," I said.
"So what if it is?" he said. "Just keep your stick on the ice and your feet moving. Time will take care of itself."

Related Characters: Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Fred Kelly (speaker)
Related Symbols: Hockey
Page Number and Citation: 210
Explanation and Analysis:
At the end of this chapter, Fred Kelly offers Saul some important advice. Saul has endured a lot of pain and frustration in his life: he’s been kidnapped, separated from his family, abused by his teachers, and bullied by racist hockey opponents. Instead of allowing his rage to consume him, Fred advises, Saul should concentrate on his own life. He shouldn’t try to enact revenge on other people—instead, he should concentrate on the small, local things that he can control: his friends, his job, his love for hockey, etc. Only by focusing on these things will Saul ever be able Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim ne

Chapter 55 Quotes

"Did you want to hunt that fucker down? Make him feel some of the same pain?" Virgil asked. He still couldn't turn away from looking at the ice.
'At first, yeah. Then, the more we got into it at the centre the more I realized it was more than just him. I'd be hunting a long time if I lashed out at everyone. In the end, I learned the only one I could take care of was me."

Related Characters: Virgil (speaker), Saul Indian Horse (speaker), Father Gaston Leboutilier
Page Number and Citation: 217
Explanation and Analysis:
In this chapter, Saul reunites with his friend and adopted brother, Virgil Kelly. Virgil is a hockey coach now, and it’s been years since he’s seen Saul. He is understandably upset with Saul for leaving him so suddenly and unexpectedly. However, he’s also willing to forgive Saul, because he’s a good friend and a compassionate, understanding person. As the scene unfolds, Saul and Virgil talk about Saul’s traumatic experiences at St. Jerome’s. Virgil seems to understand what Saul experienced, even though he’s doesn’t talk about it explicitly. (Perhaps Virgil is able to deduce as much because his own parents went Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est.

Chapter 56 Quotes

"Even up here in the sticks, we like to use a hockey puck to play hockey," Virgil said and pushed out onto the ice.
"Old habits," I said when he reached me. "New days," he said.
"The guys here?"
"Them and more," he said.

Related Characters: Virgil (speaker), Saul Indian Horse (speaker)
Related Symbols: Hockey
Page Number and Citation: 220
Explanation and Analysis:
In this scene, Saul has returned to the community of his adolescence. He’s reunited with the Kelly family, and shows every sign of settling down, surrounded by his friends and adopted family. Furthermore, he shows every sign of still wanting to play hockey. This is an encouraging sign, because it shows that he hasn’t allowed the bullying of white racists to deter him from his love for the game. Thus, the novel ends with an image of brotherhood and happiness. Saul prepares to play hockey with his adopted community of Indigenous Canadians. Notice that the scene encapsulates both the “old” Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. N