The Master and Margarita
by Mikhail Bulgakov

The Danger and Absurdity of Soviet Society Theme Analysis

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Courage and Cowardice Theme Icon
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The Ambiguity of Good and Evil Theme Icon
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The Danger and Absurdity of Soviet Society Theme Icon
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The Danger and Absurdity of Soviet Society Theme Icon
The Danger and Absurdity of Soviet Society Theme Icon

The Soviet Union (shorthand for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was the one of the dominant political entities of the 20th century and represents the largest-scale attempt to create a Communist society in the history of humankind. It grew out of the overthrow of Russia’s monarchy and was constructed around the core principle of giving its people equal social and economic rights. The imposition of the system, however, reached a climax of tyranny under the Union’s second leader, Joseph Stalin, who oversaw increasing state paranoia, censorship, mass imprisonment, and executions. It was within this suffocating atmosphere that Bulgakov wrote The Master and Margarita, taking satirical aim from within at the Soviet society which Bulgakov was not allowed—by state order—to escape. The targets are many, ranging from currency to accommodation, censorship to state-imposed atheism. The satire seeks to expose the hypocrisies of Soviet life but was severely limited in how explicit it could be because of the risk to the author of censorship, imprisonment or even death. Bulgakov’s satire, then, has to function doubly hard, by using a dark under-the-radar humor to draw the reader’s attention to the shortcomings of the Soviet project and the way in which it, at times, brought out the worst in its people. At the same time, Bulgakov’s use of the Pontius Pilate narrative, set two thousand years prior and in another region of the world, allows him to develop an atmosphere of suspicion, intrigue, and paranoia that colors the more humorous Moscow narrative without creating too much of an explicit link between the two.

The Soviet Union was an attempt to impose, from the top down, a particular mode of society, organized around the principles of Communism: a centralized economy, collective labor effort, a “fair” distribution of resources, and a disincentivization of individualism. Bulgakov subtly but fiercely demonstrates throughout the novel that the particular way the Soviet Union imposed these conditions had terrible consequences which were practically the opposite of their supposed aims (aims which, in themselves, are not inherently “wrong” or “evil”).

Woland’s antics in Moscow are specifically targeted to highlight these consequences in Soviet society: Berlioz’s attempt to report him to authorities indicates the paranoid fear of foreigners, more widely suggesting the Soviet Union’s isolation on the international stage. The bribery of Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy, a man tasked with approving who gets to live in Berlioz’s newly vacant Sadovaya street apartment, represents the underground corruption that festered as a result of Soviet housing policy and the subsequent housing shortage. In a telling exchange between Koroviev and Nikanor, Bulgakov satirizes the Soviet Union’s oppressive bureaucracy: “What are official and unofficial persons? It all depends on your point of view on the subject. It’s all fluctuating and relative, Nikanor Ivanovich. Today I’m an unofficial person, and tomorrow, lo and behold, I’m an official one! And it also happens the other way round—oh, how it does!” The transformation of the bureaucrat Prokhor Petrovich into an empty suit serves a similar function. In the Pilate narrative, the slippage between “official” and “unofficial” is best demonstrated by the lengthy conversation between Pilate and the head of his secret service in Yeshalaim, Aphranius. In this, the “official” content of their discussion is Pilate’s order that Judas of Kiriath, the man who turned Yeshua Ha-Nozri into the authorities, must be protected from threats against his life. However, the entire conversation is euphemistic: Pilate and Aphranius are actively arranging the terms of Judas’s murder (at Pilate’s own hands). The “unofficial” content of the speech, then, is the exact opposite of what it seems to be, a fact that echoes the Moscow sections’ frequent suggestion of bureaucratic dishonesty.

Later in the book, Bulgakov further satirizes the problematic issue of housing with the example of Berlioz’s uncle, Maximillian Andreevich Poplavsky, who travels from Kiev to Moscow not to pay his respects to his deceased nephew, but to try to acquire his apartment. On the one hand, Poplavsky’s actions are the direct result of the housing shortage; on the other, his character reinforces the idea that Soviet policy merely sublimated people’s greed and made people manipulative. Koroviev satirizes Poplavsky’s self-serving intentions by pretending to be distraught at Berlioz’s death, mimicking the reaction that might reasonably have been better suited to an uncle grieving his nephew.

But the above instances describe only the satire that, to put it bluntly, Bulgakov felt he could get away with. The darker side of the Soviet Union—its willingness to “disappear” those citizens not obeying its ideology—Bulgakov could only imply, because to do more than that would have been dangerous. Appropriately enough, the shadowy state authorities don’t have much of a presence in the novel. In fact, the most obvious gesture towards them is in the Pilate narrative with the extra-judicial (though arguably justified) killing of Judas. That isn’t to say they’re not there in Moscow, though. Bulgakov keeps them just out of view, masterfully representing the secrecy with which they actually operated at the time. On numerous occasions in the novel, people vanish. Bulgakov portrays these moments with a light touch, but the implication is clear: failure to the toe the line one day can mean ceasing to exist the next—transforming from “official” person to “unofficial.” For example, previous inhabitants of the apartment which Woland chooses as his base are described as having disappeared without any trace. That’s because any official trace has been erased. In one particular episode, Styopa Likhodeev is suddenly transported by Koroviev from Moscow to Yalta, thousands of miles away. Styopa’s disappearance is comically impossible—there’s no way he could travel that distance in such a short time (without a little supernatural help). The humor of this episode stands in stark contrast with the reality of disappearances under Soviet society. 

Bulgakov’s novel, then, constantly reminds the reader of the perils of Soviet oppression—an oppression that he himself faced, and which he knew was almost certainly going to make publication of The Master and Margarita impossible (and in fact though the novel was completed by 1940, it was not published until 1967, and even then it was published in Paris, outside the USSR). Loyal first and foremost to his art, Bulgakov takes satirical aim at the Soviet Union from within.

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The Danger and Absurdity of Soviet Society Quotes in The Master and Margarita

Below you will find the important quotes in The Master and Margarita related to the theme of The Danger and Absurdity of Soviet Society.

Chapter 1 Quotes

First of all, the man described did not limp on any leg, and was neither short nor enormous, but simply tall. As for his teeth, he had platinum crowns on the left side and gold on the right. He was wearing an expensive grey suit and imported shoes of a matching colour. His grey beret was cocked rakishly over one ear; under his arm he carried a stick with a black knob shaped like a poodle’s head. He looked to be a little over forty. Mouth somehow twisted. Clean-shaven. Dark-haired. Right eye black, left – for some reason – green. Dark eyebrows, but one higher than the other. In short, a foreigner.

Related Characters: Woland
Related Symbols: Woland’s Black Poodle Walking Stick
Page Number and Citation: 10
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote represents the first time the reader encounters Woland. His physical appearance matches his complicated character and is a form that he has specifically chosen for his visit to Moscow. Rather than have the aesthetic of a Moscow citizen, Woland opts intentionally for the look of a foreigner, emphasizing that he is a visitor from another world and playing on the atmosphere of paranoia and suspicion in the Soviet Union. His walking stick is a reference to Goethe’s Faust. In that book, Faust is visited by the devil, who first appears in the form of a black poodle. The Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore.

The foreigner sat back on the bench and asked, even with a slight shriek of curiosity:

‘You are - atheists?!’

‘Yes, we’re atheists,’ Berlioz smilingly replied, and Homeless thought, getting angry: ‘Latched on to us, the foreign goose!’

‘Oh, how lovely!’ the astonishing foreigner cried out and began swivelling his head, looking from one writer to the other.

‘In our country atheism does not surprise anyone,’ Berlioz said with diplomatic politeness. ‘The majority of our population consciously and long ago ceased believing in the fairy tales about God.’

Related Characters: Woland (speaker), Mikhael Alexandrovich Berlioz (speaker), Ivan “Homeless” Nikolaevich Ponyrev
Page Number and Citation: 12
Explanation and Analysis:
Bulgakov is careful to delay revealing certain characters’ identities, waiting for the right moment to do so. In both this quote and the previous, the reader is not privy to Woland’s name. Here, the reader views Woland’s identity through the prism of Berlioz’s suspicion. Berlioz does not trust this strange “foreigner” and projects the official line of the Soviet Union when it comes to religion—state-sponsored atheism. His rewriting of history—by falsely claiming that religion has long ago died away in the country—mirrors the tendency of authoritarian regimes to shape historical account to support their ideological narrative. Woland, a much more Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium r

Chapter 5 Quotes

Any visitor finding himself in Griboedov’s, unless of course he was a total dim-wit, would realize at once what a good life those lucky fellows, the Massolit members, were having, and black envy would immediately start gnawing at him. And he would immediately address bitter reproaches to heaven for not having endowed him at birth with literary talent, lacking which there was naturally no dreaming of owning a Massolit membership card, brown, smelling of costly leather, with a wide gold border – a card known to all Moscow.

Related Characters: Mikhael Alexandrovich Berlioz, The Master, Ivan “Homeless” Nikolaevich Ponyrev
Page Number and Citation: 56
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes from a heavily satirical chapter that describes Massolit, which is a Moscow writers’ union that seems to spend more time on fine dining than on actual writing. The writers at Mossolit enjoy a “good life” because they refrain from being critical of the state and can therefore enjoy the resources that come with aiding the official line. Bulgakov is trying to draw a distinction between talent and status, between authenticity and charlatanism. He paints Massolit as a pointless institution pretending to be in service of art but actually serving the authorities. The counter-example in the book is Dolorem et quae. Exercit

Chapter 7 Quotes

And then the bedroom started spinning around Styopa, he hit his head

against the doorpost, and, losing consciousness, thought: ‘I’m dying...’

But he did not die. Opening his eyes slightly, he saw himself sitting on something made of stone. Around him something was making noise. When he opened his eyes properly, he realized that the noise was being made by the sea and, what’s more, that the waves were rocking just at his feet, that he was, in short, sitting at the very end of a jetty, that over him was a brilliant blue sky and behind him a white city on the mountains.

Not knowing how to behave in such a case, Styopa got up on his trembling legs and walked along the jetty towards the shore.

Some man was standing on the jetty, smoking and spitting into the sea. He looked at Styopa with wild eyes and stopped spitting.

Then Styopa pulled the following stunt: he knelt down before the unknown smoker and said:

‘I implore you, tell me what city is this?’

‘Really!’ said the heartless smoker.

‘I’m not drunk,’ Styopa replied hoarsely, ‘something’s happened to

me... I’m ill... Where am I? What city is this?’

‘Well, it’s Yalta...’

Styopa quietly gasped and sank down on his side, his head striking the

warm stone of the jetty. Consciousness left him.

Related Characters: Styopa Likhodeev (speaker), Woland
Page Number and Citation: 84-85
Explanation and Analysis:
Styopa Likhodeev is the director of the Variety theater and lives in the same place as Berlioz (who by this point has been decapitated by a tram). In this chapter, he wakes to find Woland sitting in his room, or informs Styopa that he agreed the previous day to host Woland’s show and give up his apartment for the strange foreigner. This comes at the end of the chapter and is a clear demonstration of Woland and his gang’s supernatural capabilities. Done with toying with Styopa, they transport him instantly to Yalta—which is thousands of miles away from Moscow. Because Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam offic

Chapter 9 Quotes

At the deceased’s desk sat an unknown, skinny, long citizen in a little checkered jacket, a jockey’s cap, and a pince-nez... well, in short, that same one.

‘And who might you be, citizen?’ Nikanor Ivanovich asked fearfully.

‘Hah! Nikanor Ivanovich!’ the unexpected citizen yelled in a rattling tenor and, jumping up, greeted the chairman with a forced and sudden handshake. This greeting by no means gladdened Nikanor Ivanovich.

‘Excuse me,’ he said suspiciously, ‘but who might you be? Are you an official person?’

‘Eh, Nikanor Ivanovich!’ the unknown man exclaimed soulfully. ‘What are official and unofficial persons? It all depends on your point of view on the subject. It’s all fluctuating and relative, Nikanor Ivanovich. Today I’m an unofficial person, and tomorrow, lo and behold, I’m an official one! And it also happens the other way round – oh, how it does!’

Related Characters: Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy (speaker), Koroviev (speaker), Mikhael Alexandrovich Berlioz
Page Number and Citation: 96
Explanation and Analysis:
Nikanor is the chairman of the tenants’ association that looks after Berlioz and Styopa’s apartment block. He is thus in a position of considerable power, being able to decide who will live in Berlioz’s vacant rooms (a power granted to him by the state in support of the ban on private ownership of property). Nikanor shows a slavish loyalty to duty and officialdom, asking Koroviev to prove his identity by proving his officiality. Koroviev’s flippant dismissal of Nikanor’s concerns both paints the whole question of being an “official” person as absurd and highlights the fragility of “official” status in a Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt do

Chapter 12 Quotes

‘And so, now comes the famous foreign artist. Monsieur Woland, with a séance of black magic. Well, both you and I know,’ here Bengalsky smiled a wise smile, ‘that there’s no such thing in the world, and that it’s all just superstition, and Maestro Woland is simply a perfect master of the technique of conjuring, as we shall see from the most interesting part, that is, the exposure of this technique, and since we’re all of us to a man both for technique and for its exposure, let’s bring on Mr Woland!’

Related Characters: Georges Bengalsky (speaker), Woland
Page Number and Citation: 122
Explanation and Analysis:
Georges Bengalsky is the hapless master of ceremonies tasked with introducing and overseeing Woland’s “black magic séance” at the Variety theater in this chapter. He typifies the relationship between the Moscow populace and the supernatural, naively explaining away anything that he does not understand (or in this case anticipating an explanation from Woland). The real exposure is not in Woland revealing his “techniques,” but in the way the performance draws out the worst in audience members’ characters, showing them to be greedy and selfish. As with the encounter with Berlioz in chapters 1 and 3, Woland delights in demonstrating his Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Ev

In a few seconds, the rain of money, ever thickening, reached the seats, and the spectators began snatching at it.

Hundreds of arms were raised, the spectators held the bills up to the lighted stage and saw the most true and honest-to-God watermarks. The smell also left no doubts: it was the incomparably delightful smell of freshly printed money. The whole theatre was seized first with merriment and then with amazement. The word ‘money, money!’ hummed everywhere, there were gasps of ‘ah, ah!’ and merry laughter. One or two were already crawling in the aisles, feeling under the chairs. Many stood on the seats, trying to catch the flighty, capricious notes.

Related Characters: Woland, Koroviev
Page Number and Citation: 124-125
Explanation and Analysis:
This moment represents the climax of Woland’s black magic séance at the Variety theater. Koroviev makes money rain from the ceiling, tempting the audience members into displaying their greed, selfishness, and lust for material things by clambering over one another to snatch at the bank notes. The audience is stirred into a frenzied trance, drawing out their worst desires and highlighting their lack of community. This satirizes the Soviet Union’s attempt to control money in society and shows that the implementation of Communist policy—the particular way that it was done—did not eradicate greed but sublimated it. Part of Woland’s role Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaeca

Chapter 17 Quotes

At a huge writing desk with a massive inkstand an empty suit sat and with a dry pen, not dipped in ink, traced on a piece of paper. The suit was wearing a necktie, a fountain pen stuck from its pocket, but above the collar there was neither neck nor head, just as there were no hands sticking out of the sleeves. The suit was immersed in work and completely ignored the turmoil that reigned around it. Hearing someone come in, the suit leaned back and from above the collar came the voice, quite familiar to the bookkeeper, of Prokhor Petrovich:

‘What is this? Isn’t it written on the door that I’m not receiving?’

The beautiful secretary shrieked and, wringing her hands, cried out: ‘You see? You see?! He’s not there! He’s not! Bring him back, bring

him back!’

Here someone peeked in the door of the office, gasped, and flew out. The bookkeeper felt his legs trembling and sat on the edge of a chair,

but did not forget to pick up his briefcase. Anna Richardovna hopped around the bookkeeper, worrying his jacket, and exclaiming:

‘I always, always stopped him when he swore by the devil! So now the devil’s got him!’

Related Characters: Prokhor Petrovich (speaker), Anna Richardovna (speaker), Vassily Stepanovich Lastochkin, Behemoth, Woland
Related Symbols: Briefcases
Page Number and Citation: 188
Explanation and Analysis:
This is a very funny moment that takes aim at the Soviet Union’s overbearing and cumbersome bureaucracy. Vassily, the Variety’s book-keeper, visits one of the state authorities to give a report on the previous night’s events at the theater. Here, he is confronted by the distressed receptionist, Anna Richardovna, who shows him that Prokhor Petrovich has essentially disappeared, at least in physical form. Instead, he is now just an empty—but walking, talking—suit, going about all of Prokhor’s usual official duties despite not having a body. It is therefore a comment on the hollowness of the bureaucratic environment, in which duty Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi n

Chapter 19 Quotes

Follow me, reader! Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in this world! May the liar’s vile tongue be cut out!

Follow me, my reader, and me alone, and I will show you such a love!

No! The master was mistaken when with bitterness he told Ivanushka in the hospital, at that hour when the night was falling past midnight, that she had forgotten him. That could not be. She had, of course, not forgotten him.

First of all let us reveal the secret which the master did not wish to reveal to Ivanushka. His beloved’s name was Margarita Nikolaevna.

Related Characters: Ivan “Homeless” Nikolaevich Ponyrev, Margarita, The Master
Page Number and Citation: 217
Explanation and Analysis:
This is the opening of Book Two and represents one of few instances in which the narrator addresses the reader directly and familiarly. Essentially, this sets up the premise of the second book: to prove the existence of “true, faithful, eternal love.” This love is embodied by the master and Margarita, and its existence is an affirmation of hopefulness and courage within an oppressive and trying environment. It also speaks to the power of stories and thereby to the power of true, authentic art—as opposed to the work produced by the propogandists of Massolit. The quote also demonstrates Bulgakov’s careful Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae volupt

Chapter 21 Quotes

Naked and invisible, the lady flier tried to control and talk sense into herself; her hands trembled with impatience. Taking careful aim, Margarita struck at the keys of the grand piano, and a first plaintive wail passed all through the apartment. Becker’s drawing-room instrument, not guilty of anything, cried out frenziedly. Its keys caved in, ivory veneer flew in all directions. The instrument howled, wailed, rasped and jangled. With the noise of a pistol shot, the polished upper soundboard split under a hammer blow. Breathing hard, Margarita tore and mangled the strings with the hammer. Finally getting tired, she left off and flopped into an armchair to catch her breath.

Related Characters: The Master, Margarita, Latunsky
Page Number and Citation: 237-238
Explanation and Analysis:
In Chapter 21, Margarita becomes a witch, having accepted Azazello’s proposition to assist Woland. Though she is not yet sure of what her duties will be, the transformation into a supernatural being shows that she is in the presence of a great power. Her flight away from her old home represents her escape from the life that she has come to resent (because of her longing for the master). In this specific moment, she has flown into the critic Latunsksy’s Massolit-provided apartment. As Latunksy was one of the master’s key critics, Margarita, who feels a deep sense of protection and Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum do

Chapter 22 Quotes

‘No,’ replied Margarita, ‘most of all I’m struck that there’s room for all this.’ She made a gesture with her hand, emphasizing the enormousness of the hall.

Koroviev grinned sweetly, which made the shadows stir in the folds of his nose.

‘The most uncomplicated thing of all!’ he replied. ‘For someone well acquainted with the fifth dimension, it costs nothing to expand space to the desired proportions. I’ll say more, respected lady - to devil knows what proportions!

Related Characters: Margarita (speaker), Koroviev
Page Number and Citation: 250
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes as Azazello and Margarita arrive at the Sadovaya street apartment, where Woland his entourage temporarily reside. Here, Bulgakov satires the Soviet housing shortage and the resulting lack of space that came with enforced flat-sharing. More widely, the quote demonstrates Woland’s immense power by referring to his dominion over different dimensions. The fourth dimension, time, is perfectly controllable by Woland (as shown in the following chapter). The mysterious fifth dimension refers to Woland’s ablity to manipulate space, defying physics to host a vast extravaganza (again in the next chapter) in relatively modest Moscow apartment. Margarita is impressed, but Dolorem et quae. Exer

Chapter 24 Quotes

‘But tell me, why does Margarita call you a master?’ asked Woland. The man smiled and said:

‘That is an excusable weakness. She has too high an opinion of a novel

I wrote.’

‘What is this novel about?’

‘It is a novel about Pontius Pilate.’ Here again the tongues of the candles swayed and leaped, the dishes on the table clattered, Woland burst into thunderous laughter, but neither frightened nor surprised anyone. Behemoth applauded for some reason.

‘About what? About what? About whom?’ said Woland, ceasing to laugh.

‘And that - now? It’s stupendous! Couldn’t you have found some other subject? Let me see it.’ Woland held out his hand, palm up.

‘Unfortunately, I cannot do that,’ replied the master, ‘because I burned it in the stove.’

‘Forgive me, but I don’t believe you,’ Woland replied, ‘that cannot be: manuscripts don’t burn.’ He turned to Behemoth and said, ‘Come on. Behemoth, let’s have the novel.’

The cat instantly jumped off the chair, and everyone saw that he had been sitting on a thick stack of manuscripts. With a bow, the cat gave the top copy to Woland. Margarita trembled and cried out, again shaken to the point of tears:

‘It’s here, the manuscript! It’s here!’ She dashed to Woland and added in admiration:

‘All-powerful! All-powerful!’

Related Characters: Woland (speaker), The Master (speaker), Margarita (speaker), Pontius Pilate, Behemoth
Page Number and Citation: 286-287
Explanation and Analysis:
This quote comes just after Margarita has been reunited with the master as reward for her role in Satan’s Ball. The quote is principally a comment on literature and art more generally. It neatly encapsulates the novel’s argument that authentic art does not die, representing a kind of vital immortality granted to work that truly teaches humanity about itself. The phrase “manuscripts don’t burn” became a much-used quotation in Russian society (when the novel was eventually published), thus neatly illustrating the point that good art will always find a way to the public, winning out against powers that try to Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam vol