Richard III

by William Shakespeare

Richard III: Allusions 4 key examples

New! Understand every line of Richard III.
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Definition of Allusion

In literature, an allusion is an unexplained reference to someone or something outside of the text. Writers commonly allude to other literary works, famous individuals, historical events, or philosophical ideas... read full definition
In literature, an allusion is an unexplained reference to someone or something outside of the text. Writers commonly allude to other literary works, famous individuals... read full definition
In literature, an allusion is an unexplained reference to someone or something outside of the text. Writers commonly allude to... read full definition
Act 1, Scene 1
Explanation and Analysis—York Vs. Lancaster:

In Act 1, Scene 1, Richard engages in wordplay to allude to the tumultuous history of the Wars of the Roses, a recurring motif throughout the play:

Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York [...]

Act 2, Scene 1
Explanation and Analysis—Wingéd Mercury:

In the first scene of Act 2, King Edward expresses horror and shock that his brother Clarence had been executed before he had the chance to reprieve him. Richard, in explaining why this happened, makes an allusion to the Roman god Mercury that's heavy with dramatic irony:

KING EDWARD:
 Is Clarence dead? The order was reversed.

RICHARD:
 But he, poor man, by your first order died,
 And that a wingèd Mercury did bear.
 Some tardy cripple bare the countermand,
 That came too lag to see him burièd.

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Act 4, Scene 4
Explanation and Analysis—Phoenix Nest:

When Richard speaks to the reluctant Queen Elizabeth about marrying her daughter, he employs an allusion to the mythical Phoenix, and metaphors referring to pregnancy, as part of his persuasive strategy:

QUEEN ELIZABETH 
Yet thou didst kill my children.

RICHARD 
 But in your daughter’s womb I bury them,
 Where, in that nest of spicery, they will breed
 Selves of themselves, to your recomforture.

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Explanation and Analysis—Thy Edwards, My Edward:

In this monologue, Queen Margaret uses alliteration and allusion to detail her despair and hatred of Richard, death, and war. She’s trying to calm a disagreement between Queen Elizabeth and the Duchess of York, and offers up some grim perspective:

Thy Edward he is dead, that killed my Edward,
Thy other Edward dead, to quit my Edward;
Young York, he is but boot, because both they
Matched not the high perfection of my loss.
Thy Clarence he is dead that stabbed my Edward,
And the beholders of this frantic play,
Th’ adulterate Hastings, Rivers, Vaughan, Grey,
Untimely smothered in their dusky graves.

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