David Copperfield
David Copperfield
by Charles Dickens

Womanhood and Gender Roles Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Coming of Age and Personal Development Theme Icon
Ambition, Social Mobility, and Morality Theme Icon
Memory and Nostalgia Theme Icon
Womanhood and Gender Roles Theme Icon
Home and Family Theme Icon
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in David Copperfield, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Womanhood and Gender Roles Theme Icon
Womanhood and Gender Roles Theme Icon

Despite (or perhaps because of) the fact that its protagonist is a man, David Copperfield is deeply interested in questions surrounding womanhood and the place of women in Victorian society. Although Dickens is often criticized for writing one-note female characters, femininity actually takes multiple forms in the novel—a fact David himself underscores early on, when he says of the matronly servant Peggotty, "I thought her in a different style from my mother, certainly; but of another school of beauty, I considered her a perfect example." Nevertheless, it is true that the character who most closely resembles the ideal Victorian woman—Agnes Wickfield—comes across as flat and unrealistic in comparison to many of the secondary female characters. Ultimately, this speaks to the many, often irreconcilable demands placed on Victorian women: the only woman who can actually embody her gender role fully is not so much a human being as (in David's words) an "angel."

The novel highlights how it is seemingly impossible for Victorian women to perfectly fulfill all of the expectations placed upon them. This becomes especially clear in David's many unsuccessful attempts at love. David is a romantic and dreamy character who falls in and out of infatuations throughout the novel, but the three most serious candidates for his affections are Little Em'ly, Dora Spenlow, and Agnes. Strikingly, the first two prove unsuitable because they fail in some way to live up to Victorian gender norms: Emily's premarital affair with Steerforth marks her as impure, while Dora's poor housekeeping abilities are an indication of her broader inability to provide her husband with emotional and moral support. Arguably, however, these failings stem from the fact that Emily and Dora so wholly fulfill gender expectations in other respects. Emily, for instance, is repeatedly described as "shy," which jibes well with the meekness expected of a Victorian woman. To the men around her, however, her shyness is indistinguishable from flirtatiousness, which is sexually suspect. David says, at one point, for instance, "[Emily] sat, at this time, and all the evening, on the old locker in her old little corner by the fire—Ham beside her, where I used to sit. I could not satisfy myself whether it was in her own little tormenting way, or in a maidenly reserve before us, that she kept quite close to the wall, and away from him." Meanwhile, Dora's childlike nature is very much in keeping with the Victorian emphasis on innocence and girlishness, but quite clearly prevents her from fulfilling her "duties" as a wife and confidante: she is timid with servants, incompetent at account-keeping, and totally unable to relate to her husband's intellectual pursuits.

The impossibility of reconciling the many demands placed on Victorian women is clearest, however, in the character of Betsey Trotwood. Miss Betsey is a competent housekeeper by virtue of necessity, having separated from her abusive husband years before the novel begins. In order to achieve this efficiency and practicality, however, Miss Betsey seems to have renounced other conventionally "feminine" qualities. This is especially evident in her tendency to attribute all of her softer emotions to David's mother Clara. For instance, when David tells her he hopes to prove himself "worthy" of his aunt, Miss Betsey responds, "It's a mercy that poor dear baby of a mother of yours didn’t live […] or she’d have been so vain of her boy by this time, that her soft little head would have been completely turned, if there was anything of it left to turn." Although the moment is humorous—and in keeping with Miss Betsey's broader eccentricities as a character—it also hints at the difficulty of attempting to live up to gender norms that often contradicted one another. As an entirely independent woman, Miss Betsey has to work doubly hard to prove her rationality and strength.

Agnes is the novel's answer to this problem, but possibly not a convincing one to modern readers. It is not simply that she is an "inhuman" character (in the sense of being unrealistically perfect), but also that her primary function in the novel is to serve as a moral compass for David. As a result, it's hard to describe her beyond the basic fact that she is good and morally upright. In fact, it is striking that Dickens shows his readers so little of David and Agnes's married life, because it suggests that the perfect womanhood Agnes embodies is difficult to represent even in a work of fiction. In other words, while David Copperfield attempts to reinforce Victorian gender roles through the positive image of Agnes, it also reveals the shortcomings, contradictions, and impossibility of those expectations.

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Womanhood and Gender Roles Quotes in David Copperfield

Below you will find the important quotes in David Copperfield related to the theme of Womanhood and Gender Roles.

Chapter 10 Quotes

What happiness (I thought) if we were married, and were going away anywhere to live among the trees and in the fields, never growing older, never growing wiser, children ever, rambling hand in hand through sunshine and among flowery meadows, laying down our heads on moss at night, in a sweet sleep of purity and peace, and buried by the birds when we were dead!

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Little Em'ly (Emily)
Page Number and Citation: 133
Explanation and Analysis:
After Peggotty and Barkis get married, David and little Em'ly return to Mr. Peggotty's house, huddling together in the chaise for warmth. The episode is the culmination of the pair's childhood romance, as David's longing in this passage makes clear. Interestingly, however, David doesn't simply wish that the moment itself could last forever, but rather that he and Emily could remain children forever. Besides pointing to the novel's general ambivalence toward growing up, the passage also hints at complex issues surrounding womanhood in David Copperfield. David had previously felt "uneasy" when Mr. Peggotty told him that little Em'ly was "getting Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium r

Chapter 15 Quotes

I cannot call to mind where or when, in my childhood, I had seen a stained glass window in a church. Nor do I recollect its subject. But I know that when I saw her turn round, in the grave light of the old staircase, and wait for us, above, I thought of that window; and that I associated something of its tranquil brightness with Agnes Wickfield ever afterwards.

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Agnes Wickfield
Related Symbols: Stained Glass Window
Page Number and Citation: 194
Explanation and Analysis:
When David first arrives at Mr. Wickfield's house, Agnes—whom her father calls his "little housekeeper"—shows David to his room. The room itself features diamond pane windows, which partially explains David's memory of seeing stained glass at church. More significantly, however, the passage illustrates Agnes's character and foreshadows the role she will play throughout David's life; the description of the window's "tranquil brightness" reflects Agnes's own calm and kind nature, while the religious imagery paves the way for David's later sense that Agnes is his "good angel." The symbol of the stained glass window recurs throughout the rest of the novel, Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam

Chapter 21 Quotes

"You see," he said, wiping his head, and breathing with difficulty, "she hasn't taken much to any companions here; she hasn't taken kindly to any particular acquaintances and friends, no to mention sweethearts. In consequence, an ill-natured story got about, that Em'ly wanted to be a lady. Now my opinion is, that it came into circulation principally on account of her saying, at the school, that if she was a lady she would like to do so and so for her uncle—don't you see?—and buy him such and such fine things."

Related Characters: Mr. Omer (speaker), David Copperfield, Little Em'ly (Emily), Peggotty
Page Number and Citation: 261
Explanation and Analysis:
When David first takes Steerforth with him to Yarmouth, the pair split up so that David can first visit Peggotty alone. On his way to see his old nurse, however, David stops to chat with Mr. Omer, who explains that little Em’ly has been working as a seamstress in his shop, and that many of the women in town resent her. At first, he suggests that this is simply the result of jealousy, but finally admits that people have viewed Emily with suspicion ever since the rumor spread that Emily aspires to be a lady. In part, this suspicion stems Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum vo

Chapter 35 Quotes

Wherever Agnes was, some agreeable token of her noiseless presence seemed inseparable from the place. When I came back, I found my aunt's birds hanging, just as they had hung so long in the parlor window of the cottage; and my easy chair imitating my aunt's much easier chair in its position at the open window; and even the round green fan, which my aunt had brought away with her, screwed on to the window-sill. I knew who had done all this, by its seeming to have quietly done itself; and I should have known in a moment who had arranged my neglected books in the open order of my school days, even if I had supposed Agnes to be miles away.

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Miss Betsey Trotwood, Agnes Wickfield
Page Number and Citation: 430
Explanation and Analysis:
Shortly after Miss Betsey comes to stay with David in London, Agnes visits and helps set David's apartment in order. This passage illustrates not only Agnes's skills as a housekeeper, but also the cultural significance of her skill: the ideal Victorian woman was a competent housekeeper who also personally projected an aura of comfort and domesticity. Here, for instance, David feels as though Agnes's personality has impressed itself on everything she has touched or arranged in the apartment. It's also significant, however, that this intangible "presence" is the only sign of all the work Agnes has done: since the domestic Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita

Chapter 42 Quotes

Some happy talent, and some fortunate opportunity, may form the two sides of the ladder on which some men mount, but the rounds of that ladder must be made of stuff to stand wear and tear; and there is no substitute for thorough-going, ardent, and sincere earnestness. Never to put one hand to anything, on which I could throw my whole self; and never to affect depreciation of my work, whatever it was, I find, now, to have been my golden rules.

How much of the practice I have just reduced to precept, I owe to Agnes, I will not repeat here. My narrative proceeds to Agnes, with a thankful love.

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Agnes Wickfield, Dora Spenlow
Page Number and Citation: 507
Explanation and Analysis:
This passage comes from David's own account of how he eventually saved enough money to marry Dora. The passage clearly states the belief—central to both David Copperfield and the Victorian middle class at large—that discipline and patience are the keys to social advancement. Although David qualifies the claim slightly, acknowledging that luck has also played a role in his success, the passage is nevertheless in keeping with the idea that where someone ends up in life is a reflection of his moral character. The passage also encapsulates many Victorian ideas about gender and illustrates the way in which those ideas Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ips

Chapter 47 Quotes

"What shall I ever do!" she said, fighting thus with her despair. "How can I go on as I am, a solitary curse to myself, a living disgrace to every one I come near!" Suddenly she turned to my companion. "Stamp upon me, kill me! When she was you pride, you would have thought I had done her harm if I brushed against her in the street. You can't believe—why should you?—a syllable that comes out of my lips. It would be a burning shame upon you, even now, if she and I exchanged a word."

Related Characters: Martha Endell (speaker), David Copperfield, Little Em'ly (Emily), Mr. Peggotty
Page Number and Citation: 570
Explanation and Analysis:
When David and Mr. Peggotty approach Martha Endell in the hopes that she will help them find little Em'ly, they first have to overcome her deeply rooted sense of shame and despair. Her self-recriminations in this passage (and throughout the scene) make sense in the context of nineteenth-century beliefs about "fallen" women—that is, women who have had sex outside of marriage. Because purity was so central to the Victorian idea of womanhood, the prevailing belief was that a fallen woman was morally ruined forever. At best, then, she was caught in a downward spiral that would result in her own Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Acc

Chapter 48 Quotes

Finding at last, however, that, although I had been all this time a very porcupine or hedgehog, bristling all over with determination, I had effected nothing, it began to occur to me that perhaps Dora's mind was already formed.

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Dora Spenlow
Related Symbols: Jip
Page Number and Citation: 580
Explanation and Analysis:
Over the two years they are married, David tries multiple times to make Dora into a better housekeeper and (to his mind) a better companion. During his last and most intensive effort, he not only tries to teach her practical skills, but also to make her more serious and thoughtful by talking to her about his work, reading Shakespeare, and so on. He finally gives up, suspecting that "Dora's mind is already formed," but his attempts to mold her into someone else bear a strong resemblance to Mr. Murdstone's efforts to "form" Clara Copperfield's "character." Although David is certainly much Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit

Chapter 50 Quotes

"The miserable vanity of these earth-worms!" she said, when she had so far controlled the angry heavings of her breast, that she could trust herself to speak. "Your home! Do you imagine that I bestow a thought on it, or suppose you could do any harm to that low place, which money would not pay for, and handsomely? Your home! You were a part of the trade of your home, and were bought and sold like any other vendible thing your people dealt in."

Related Characters: Rosa Dartle (speaker), Little Em'ly (Emily), Peggotty, Ham Peggotty, James Steerforth, David Copperfield
Page Number and Citation: 599
Explanation and Analysis:
After Martha finds Emily and brings her to her room, she goes to fetch David and Mr. Peggotty. When David arrives, however, he finds that Rosa Dartle is already there, berating Emily for (supposedly) seducing Steerforth. Emily, however, at first assumes that Rosa's reference to a broken home is a reference to the Peggottys, leading to the outburst in this passage. On the one hand, Rosa's words reveal her contempt for the lower classes, since she apparently doesn't think that a family like the Peggottys might feel any love or loyalty to one another. With that said, there is an Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque error. Possimus corrupti soluta. Qui aut a. Rerum voluptas debitis. Voluptatem accusantium est. Mollitia eaque ipsa. Perferendis consectetur et. Dicta impedit ut. Ducimus possimus quo. Non inventore in. Eligendi atque placeat. Molestiae earum eum. Libero sit beatae. At a deserunt. Sint aperiam consequatur. Minima porro perferendis. Sit neque odit. Tenetur qui dignissimos. Qui et ut. Voluptate la

Chapter 53 Quotes

"I am afraid it would have been better, if we had only loved each other as a boy and girl, and forgotten it. I have begun to think I was not fit to be a wife.

[…] If I had been more fit to be married, I might have made you more so, too. Besides you are very clever, and I never was."

"We have been very happy, my sweet Dora."

"I was very happy, very. But, as years went on, my dear boy would have wearied of his child-wife. She would have been less and less a companion for him. He would have been more and more sensible of what was wanting in his home. She wouldn't have improved. It is better as it is."

Related Characters: Dora Spenlow (speaker), David Copperfield (speaker), Agnes Wickfield
Related Symbols: Jip
Page Number and Citation: 638
Explanation and Analysis:
Just before she dies, Dora admits that she and David never should have married. This naturally upsets David, but guilt likely plays a large role in his distress: by this point, he also feels that Dora wasn't an ideal companion for him, although he hasn't necessarily questioned his decision to marry her. Regardless, what Dora says in this scene is also the conclusion the novel itself ultimately reaches—namely, that she was too childish and thoughtless either to support her husband in his career or to strengthen his overall moral character. Ironically, Victorian women were in many ways expected to be Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim ne

Chapter 58 Quotes

I had thought, much and often, of my Dora's shadowing out to me what might have happened, in those years that were destined not to try us; I had considered how the things that never happen, are often as much realities to us, in their effects, as those that are accomplished. The very years she spoke of, were realities now, for my correction […] I endeavoured to convert what might have been between myself and Agnes, into a means of making me more self-denying, more resolved, more conscious of myself, and my defects and errors.

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Agnes Wickfield, Dora Spenlow
Page Number and Citation: 681
Explanation and Analysis:
During the time he spends overseas in the wake of Steerforth and Dora's deaths, David comes to realize that he is in love with Agnes. However, he also concludes that Agnes is unlikely to share his feelings, and that it would be unfair of him even to share them with her: because he insisted on treating her like a sister, David forced Agnes to quash any romantic feelings she might have had for him. This thought naturally causes David some unhappiness, but it is a mark of his growing maturity (and the influence Agnes has over him) that he resolves Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Vel

Chapter 62 Quotes

And O, Agnes, even out of thy true eyes, in that same time, the spirit of my child-wife looked upon me, saying it was well; and winning me, through thee, to tenderest recollections of the Blossom that had withered in its bloom!

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Agnes Wickfield, Dora Spenlow
Page Number and Citation: 716
Explanation and Analysis:
As David finally confesses his love for Agnes and proposes, he has the sense that Dora is looking at him through Agnes and blessing the union. Psychologically speaking, it would be easy to explain this away as David rationalizing remarrying after the death of his first wife. Thematically, however, the moment is significant in several respects. For one, Dora did in fact give Agnes her blessing to marry David (though David doesn't know this at the time of his proposal). The passage therefore speaks to Dora's selflessness, and one way in which she did fulfill her "duties" as a wife: Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam eligendi. Ut veniam voluptatem. Aperiam consequuntur mollitia. Provident expedita delectus. Occaecati ea suscipit. Optio ut iste. Voluptas aut occaecati. Accusantium recusandae voluptates. Explicabo minus tempore. Nostrum dolor asperiores. Ut aliquam officiis. Unde enim nesciunt. Commodi necessitatibus voluptas. Accusamus eaque omnis. Velit eaque err

Chapter 64 Quotes

O Agnes, O my soul, so may thy face be by me when I close my life indeed; so may I, when realities are melting from me like the shadows which I now dismiss, still find thee near me, pointing upward!

Related Characters: David Copperfield (speaker), Agnes Wickfield
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 729
Explanation and Analysis:
Having explained the final fates of most of the novel's major characters, David concludes his narrative with the passage above. The image of Agnes is inspired, in part, by the fact that Agnes is literally sitting near David as he writes late into night. This demonstrates her loyalty to her husband and her dedication to helping him in his career. Furthermore, the image also refers back to the moment when Agnes delivered the news of Dora's death to David by pointing upward (presumably in reference to heaven). For David, this gesture encapsulates everything that Agnes is to him, since he Dolorem et quae. Exercitationem non aut. Eveniet dolor non. Incidunt dolores sunt. Ad dolor at. Quia aperiam e